الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried out on 360 imported camels that coming from Sudan and temporarily kept in Abu-simbuel Quarantine station of Aswan Governorate, southern Egypt in the period from November 2016 to October 2017.
The imported camels were clinically examined and sampled during different months of the year, different age, and with male in relation to sex for epidemiological studies using blood smear and PCR techniques for diagnosis of blood parasites.
According to the clinical abnormalities related to blood parasites infection of the examined camels noticed in the current study were, camels classified to 256 (71.11 %) were clinically suspected, while104(28.88 %) ofcamels wereapparently healthy.
The clinical abnormalities noticed in clinically suspected cases (n= 256) were rising of body temperature up to (39.1 ± 0.5°C) that found in 63camels (24.61%) case from clinically suspected cases .Testicular enlargement and prolapsed penis, we found that in 56 camels (21.87%) from the clinically suspected cases . Edema in different body parts also recorded in this study that found32 camels (12.5%).All clinically suspected camels 256 (100%) were infested with hard ticks at different sites particularly genital system and neck. Diarrhea was noticed in low number 8 camels (12.5%) from clinically suspected cases. Presence of abscess in different body regions also noticed that may be due to immune insufficiency that caused by blood parasites infection . Poor general condition represented in pale mucus membrane (52.12%) and emaciation (34. 37 %). Other abnormalities that recorded in present study were; lacrimation (6.25%), rough coat (25%), lymphadenitis (15.62%) that related to blood parasites infection.
Four parasites were detected in the present study;Theileria was the most common pathogen 25%, Trypanosoma evansi 12.5%,and a lesser extent Babesia sp. 0.55 % and Toxoplasma gondii. 0.55
%, while Dipetalonema evansi can’t detected in examined camels.
Out of 360 examined camels, using Giemsa blood stain, 24 (6.7 %) were positive for
T. evansi infection that classify as follow, 16.32 % in clinically suspected camels and the apparently healthy camels were Trypanosoma free. Whereas, the prevalence of T. evansi in the present study by TBR 1/2 primer-based PCR was in 63.6 % of examined camels.
Regarding to seasonal influences on T. evansi prevalence in the present study, the obtained results indicated that the prevalence rate of infection was high in hot months, followed by warm months and the lower prevalence were recorded in extra hot months while the lowest rate of infection were in cold months.
Concerning the relationship between age of the examined camels and the prevalence of T.evansi infection in the current study it was found that age group(≥5- ≥7years) is less susceptible than the age group(<7-≤10years) for Trypanosoma infection.
In the current work the prevalence of Theileria infection using blood film technique was 25% (90/360 camels) classify as follow, (38.75%) in clinically suspected camels and (8.58%) in apparently healthy camels.
The relationship between seasonal variation and prevalence of Theileria , The highest prevalence in the current study was recorded in extra hot months, followed by warm months then hot months and the lower prevalence was recorded in cold months.
The relationship between age groups of the examined camels and the prevalence of Theileria infection in the current study, the obtained results revealed that age group (≥5≥7 years) is more susceptible than the age group (<7-≤ 10years).
Babesia was detected in Giemsa-stained blood smears from 2 (0.55%) out of 360 camels. Examination of stained blood films revealed presence of oval or pear-shaped merozoites of Babesia spp. in single or pairs inside the camel erythrocytes.
Toxoplasma tachyzoites were noted in blood smear of 2 (0.55%) camels. They were typically crescent-shaped with distinct nucleus, it had two pointed ends but often had one pointed end and other was rounded.