الفهرس 
Historical Timeline and Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid SyndromeOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune prothrombotic disorder related to the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies that affects many systems of the body and results in thrombus formation.
Many variants of the syndrome can be found includes primary APS , secondary APS , seronegative APS and catastrophic APS which is the most serious condition resulting in acute multiorgan dysfunction and often failure, with more than 50 % mortality.
Vascular thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity are the two clinical hallmarks of APS and used as main clinical criteria for diagnosis of APS syndrome alongside laboratory criteria that represented in the form of presence of one of the main antibody ( LAC, aCL, or aβ2-GPI ) diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome should also involve the other non-criteria clinical manifestations of APS that includes other systems of the body.
Laboratory tests should be repeated after 3 months of being positive to confirm the diagnosis of APS. Patients with triple and double positivity of aPL tests is accompanied by highest rate of vascular thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity , some patients may have clinical manifestations of APS but negative to aPL tests .
Anticoagulation remains the central focus of thrombosis treatment and prevention in APS, heparin is used for treatment of acute thrombosis, whereas warfarin with INR target of 2.0-3.0 is the standard treatment for secondary prevention of both arterial and venous thromboses, with additional low-dose aspirin or higher intensity.
Treatment options for APS have expanded considerably over the past decade , statin therapy and hydroxychloroquine reduce pro-thrombotic markers and possibly decreased the incidence of aPL-related manifestation, immunosuppressive drugs can also be used as line in treatment especially in patients with CAPS and in treatment of graft rejection in renal transplant.
Renal disease is present in 8 to 10% of patients with APS , renal manifestations of APS results mainly from thrombosis occurring at any level within the renal vasculature , the renal manifestations of APS may include systemic hypertension , RAS, renal infarction, APSN, renal vein thrombosis and increased allograft vascular thrombosis thus testing for aPL must therefore be considered in patients with any of these manifestations.
Kidney biopsy has an important role in the treatment and diagnosis of these patients for distinguishing between renal failure in SLE due to nephritis from that due to APS as the treatment for each one of them are different.