الفهرس 
Spill Accidents in Nile River in Egypt.
Materials and MethodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Most watercourses are subjected to the threats of contaminant spills. The Nile River is the main water source for all Egyptian cities around its banks, especially in Upper Egypt where no rainfall exist. The southern reach of the Nile receives considerable amounts of agricultural, industrial and municipal wastewater at different sites along its mainstream.
The goal of this research is to provide a risk assessment to evaluate contamination crisis due to a spill event as to enable decision-makers to take mitigation actions. As well as, a Risk Matrix provides a quick response that can be taken immediately after a spill is detected. This assessment aids in understanding and studying the effects of spill especially on drinking water supply.
A one-dimensional model is created in HEC-RAS to simulate the hydrodynamics of the river and evaluate the water quality variability in a reach of 144 km long selected and schematized on the Nile River.
Following model calibration, a comparative analysis was performed to determine the accurate values of dispersion coefficients based on the real measured data at several monitoring stations located along the studied area.
A simulation of Contaminant spill in the studied reach of the Nile River was performed to determine the vulnerable area and assess the correspondent real travel time. Two scenarios of spill event were chosen and studied using the HEC-RAS hydrodynamic and water quality modules.
The spill scenarios were run to simulate the transport of 500 tons of spilt phosphate into the Nile River.
Results of spill simulation revealed that the travel time of spilt phosphate lies between 66 to 96 hours to cross the studied reach according to the flow condition. The higher the dispersion coefficient, the faster the pollutant spread and the lower pollutant concentration in the study reach.
An integrated system consists of risk assessment maps and risk matrix was concluded and spill characteristics are recorded at different downstream recipients.