الفهرس 
Chronic Kidney DiseaseOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 118 |  |  |
| | | from | 118 | | |
Abstract
Summary and conclusion
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common worldwide public health problem and its prevalence is estimated to be 8–16% worldwide. CKD is defined as kidney damage or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for 3 months or more, irrespective of the cause.
The risk to develop CKD increase in, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, old age hyperuricemia and smoking, also in diabetes which consider the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the world
CKD is important risk factor for infectious complication, (as pneumonia, sepsis, bacteremia and urinary tract infections), cardiovascular complication, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, thyroid dysfunction, bone mineral diseases, hypertension and anemia, many studies consider that CKD is an inflammatory process that associated with increased level of CRP, serum amyloid A and a variety of cytokines as (IL)-6 as acute phase reactants and albumin or transferrin as negative acute reactants.
Also some studies supposed that pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy occur through inflammatory process and endothelial dysfunction using high sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin A1C (HA1C), homocysteine and micro albuminuria as markers of these inflammatory process and endothelial dysfunction.