الفهرس 
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Abstract
This thesis deals with an experimental scientific study for comparison and evaluation of the efficiency of modern and traditional consolidates materials used in consolidating the mural on funeral houses, especially painted decorations, and then choosing the best ones to use in the consolidation process in the applied study of some weak parts of the funerary house No. 24 (as a case study) in Tuna Al-Gebel area Minya _ Egypt.
This thesis is divided into four chapters, namely:
Chapter One: Funerary architecture and decorative systems throughout ages:
This chapter provides a general study of funerary architecture, its different styles, and the methods and themes of decoration throughout the ages, from the pre-dynastic era through the middle and late ages to the Ptolemaic period.
This is to study the development of this architecture and its distinguishing features in the Greco-Roman era and the link between the decorations of funerary houses in the Greek era with the ancient Egyptian beliefs.
Then review some of the plans that show the funerary architecture patterns in each era, and study the paintings during the Greco-Roman era and paintings materials that the artist used to decorate the walls of the funeral houses, as well as illustrate the funeral houses in Tuna Al-Gebel.
Through the study of funerary architecture throughout the ages, it was revealed that the ancient Egyptians have been interested since the dawn of history in establishing tombs to bury their dead. The oldest cemeteries in ancient Egypt were a round or oval pit, and then became erected after that with a rectangular layout, consisting of one room that can be added It had two rooms or more, and the ancient Egyptians also cared about placing some of the deceased’s needs for food, drink and some belongings that he might need when he was sent again into the other world, and the luxurious tombs and the abundant gifts were initially limited to the kings, so the large Naqada cemetery in Upper Egypt, Which was buried in one of the kings of the ancient era, and it is a rectangular building of mud bricks with strong walls slanting inward, interspersed with intertwining complaints that give the building the shape of the palace, and the roof was of palm trunks, and it included a large room for the body in the middle, and four other rooms, They contained large quantities of food, ivory sofas, luxurious utensils made of stones, and all the household furniture that the king needed after death, and from some of the graves of this distant era evidence of the burial of the dead evidenced by the evident care of the preservation of the corpse that kept its status The squat, as before, had a leather or mat sewn on it.
After the ancient Egyptian society moved from the period of the stone ages to the era of the beginning of the dynasties, it developed from a group of tribes and dispersed groups into larger groups and united leaderships, then to two kingdoms, the northern kingdom in the delta (Lower Egypt), and the southern kingdom in (Upper Egypt), and in the meantime it became Both the tribal and the sea sides have their own cemetery style.
In the Upper Egypt model, which was represented by Abydos, the cemetery is a relatively large room located under the surface of the earth, surrounded by a group of small rooms that were intended for the preservation of boats and funeral furniture, the walls of which were covered with a layer of plaster and then painted The ancient Egyptian artist has some themes related to the funeral rites, and the style of the Lower Sea cemeteries represented in Saqqara, although it is similar to the Abydos style in the lower rooms, but it was characterized by a huge wall above the ground with shoulders outside and inside, the artist was inspired by its shape from the facades of the royal palaces Among the old houses made of colored braided mats and multi-colored fabrics, these palaces were distinguished by their façades, gates, ornaments, and their distinctive architectural character, with their vertical straight lines, which appears like columns attached to it, reflecting the artist’s interest in forming the cemetery as a house for eternity in the other world, similar to the palace of the earthly king. This idea is confirmed by the shapes of the walls of the coffins in the Old and Middle Kingdom in the forms of the facades of the palaces that resemble those walls to a large extent.
After that, the tombs turned into a mastaba, then into a step pyramid, then into a complete pyramid in the old state, then the kings and rulers of the Middle Kingdom proceeded to peck their tombs in the rock of the mountain, as some of them went to erect tombs in the form of small pyramids until Thutmose first came to the eighteenth family and dug his tomb with rock Behind the western plateaus of vally Thebes (Valley of the Kings) in extreme secrecy, he resorted to separating the funerary temple from the cemetery so that thieves would not know their way.
As for the funerary architecture in the Greco-Roman era, it mixed between the Roman character in construction and the Egyptian, as in many of the Roman tombs in Alexandria the decorations with an Egyptian character appear, as well as in the tomb of Petosiris in the Tuna El-Gebel region, which has many funerary houses dating back to the Greco-Roman era, which were designed on The city of neighborhoods, where the funeral houses are separated by streets, and some of them were similar to small temples at entrances and columns, and most of them were made up of a room or two rooms to be climbed into with a number of stairs and were built of mud bricks.
Chapter Two: Factors and Manifestations of Damage Affecting on murals in Funeral Houses:
In this chapter, the aspects of damage resulting from the surrounding environment, which are represented in the following sources: humidity, groundwater, temperature, wind, were studied. and manifestations of damage resulting from architectural damage, biological damage, and human damage.
The manifestations of damage resulting from rain are evident in the saturation of the mortar (the bonding material between the bricks) with water, which leads to its crumbling and loss of building strength, as well as the flow of colors on the walls and the saturation of the walls with water, which causes by the capillary property the migration of salts into the pores of the mud brick and the layers that make up the mural images.
As for the manifestations of damage resulting from the variation in temperature and humidity, which are the most important factors due to the desert nature, and this is evident in the internal pressures of the walls of funeral homes due to the expansion and contraction as a result of the daily and seasonal temperature changes. The high temperatures lead to the drying of the walls of the building, whether brick or mortar, as a result of the loss of water content, which weakens the bricks and mortar used in construction, and this damage appears greatly in the external walls exposed to the rays of the sun, it was noted that there is a lot of mortar falling between the bricks as well as cracking and falling of the bricks Due to the drying process and the loss of water content.
The change in temperature leads to mechanical stress and pressures inside the stone because each mineral from the mud brick has its own coefficient of thermal expansion, which causes irregular cracks inside the bricks and the repeated expansion and contraction of the surface layers of the bricks, which leads to fall and separation, which is known as peeling, Also, constant temperature changes play an important role in increasing the growth rates of salt crystals through the evaporation of water from the brine solutions and the growth and flourishing of salts inside the pores.
The manifestations of damage caused by the wind are evident in the surface of the walls of the house exposed to the gusts of wind, especially in its fragile and weak state inscriptions, decorations and graffiti from the surface of the walls.
These features were documented in funeral house No. 24 (the subject of the study) through photography and hand maps, as well as computer mapping, and the use of devices to measure relative humidity and temperature.
Chapter Three: Analytical and investigation methods:
examination and analyzes were applied to some of the fallen archaeological samples next to the walls of the funerary house it was include samples of painted layer ,mortar layer and mud bricks. Mineral analysis for samples was done using X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning by scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy and performing some experiments to measure the physical and mechanical properties.
The following was evident from the examination and analysis, first through a microscopic examination: It was found that the internal structure of the mud brick was affected by the surrounding damage factors, as the variation in temperature and relative humidity led to the appearance of cracks inside the pores of the mud brick as a result of the process of expansion and contraction, and the appearance of large and small gaps in the mortar layer, as well as the emergence of grains of sand and lime in it, which is the substance that forms the mortar layer and some holes as a result of biological damage and insect necrosis in the wall.
The appearance of yellowing and the presence of a shiny layer on the white wash layer as a result of using paraloid to strengthen that layer(previous restoration).Secondly, through analysis by X-ray diffraction, it was found: the appearance of gypsum in the slurry samples, which is due to a previous restoration, while the appearance of lime in all samples is because it is the main component of the painting layer.
Chapter Four: Experimental study to Consolidation polychrome and mud bricks in Funeral house:
In this chapter, temporary strengthening was studied using cyclododecan in its melted form by heating in a water bath and dissolved in gasoline and spray and studying its properties and effect on reinforced surfaces, then an experimental study was made by preparing mud brick blocks of 5 x 5 x 5 dimensions and preparing the used reinforcement materials They are Paraloid B 72 dissolved in acetone at concentrations of 3% and 5%, Klucel E dissolved in acetone at a concentration of 1% and methyl trimethoxy silane, where they were applied using an injection and spray method. Some tests and measurements were made to study the strengthening materials used, the aim of which was to evaluate their efficiency and monitor any changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the studied samples before and after processing and industrial aging in order to achieve this goal.
Physical tests and measurements were conducted, which are: study of water content in samples, water saturation, porosity, water absorption, density. As for mechanical measurements: pressure and bending. In addition to examining the samples with a scanning electronic microscope, you may notice clear differences in the physical and mechanical properties of the samples after processing and industrial aging, according to the type of strengthening material used. Thermal industrial aging was performed on samples in thermal furnaces before and after hardening, and the results were studied through visual examination and examination with a light microscope. The results obtained from the experimental study showed that the most efficient reinforcement material is methyl trimethoxy silane, which is considered the most suitable for the effect. It completely improved the properties of the mud bricks and the colored ornamentation on the other hand, and on the other hand, the samples treated with them gained good resistance to industrial aging.