الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) represents an industrial chemical used in the manufacturing of polyacrylamides that are commonly used in personal care, cosmetic products, wastewater treatment, soil conditioning, and textile industries. It is also present in tobacco smoke.
Acrylamide has become one of the important public health concerns as it was detected in widely consumed food items; for example, fried bread, potato chips, and any carbohydrate-rich food items cooked at high temperatures (higher than 200°C).
Several health hazards were reported after acrylamide exposure in animal and human models and many studies reported that AA induces toxicity of the reproductive system, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and even cancer.
This study was conducted on 40 adult male albino rats. They divided into 4 groups 10 rats each: group I (control): received distilled water and a standard diet for nine weeks. group II (Acrylamide group): received acrylamide orally via intra-gastric gavage route at a dose of 20 mg/kg once daily for six weeks. group III (Sudden withdrawal group): received acrylamide at a dose of 20 mg/kg once daily for six weeks then administration of acrylamide was abruptly stopped in the following three weeks. group IV (Gradual withdrawal group): received an acrylamide dose of 20 mg/kg once daily for the first six weeks. In the following three weeks, acrylamide was gradually withdrawn in the form of: In the seventh week: It was given three times per week at a dose of 20 mg/kg on each time. In the eighth week: It was given two times per week at a dose of 20 mg/kg on each time. In the ninth week: It was given once per week at a dose of 20 mg/kg.
Then liver and kidney tissues were prepared for histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric studies.
The results of the current study revealed that:
The hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections: many morphological changes were observed in liver and kidney tissues of group II in the form of apoptosis, vascular congestion, and inflammatory cellular infiltrations. group III showed preservation of liver and kidney tissues to a great extent while group IV showed minimal improvement.
By intravenous injection of charcoal, macrophages appeared with engulfed brown particles. Liver tissue sections of group II showed a large number of macrophages in blood sinusoids. group III showed a decrease in the number of charcoal labeled macrophages. group IV showed an increase in the number of macrophages.
In kidney tissue sections of group II, there was a large number of macrophages in the interstitium. group III showed a decrease in the number of macrophages while group IV showed a large number of macrophages.
The PAS stained tissue sections: showed a marked decrease in the glycogen granules in most hepatocytes in liver tissue sections of group II. In group III, there was a restoration of the glycogen content in hepatocytes. In group IV, minimal improvement occurred.
In kidney tissue sections of group II, there was a loss of basement membranes of glomerular capillaries, the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule, and basement membranes of renal tubules. There was a loss of brush borders of PCTs. In kidney tissue sections of group III, there was a preservation of basement membranes of renal glomeruli and most renal tubules. There was a restoration of brush borders of PCTs cells while kidney sections of group IV showed minimal improvement.
The Masson trichrome stained tissue sections showed an increase in the amount of collagen fibers in the portal tract in liver tissue sections in group II while there was a minimal amount of collagen fibers in group III. group IV showed an increase in the amount of collagen fibers. In kidney tissue sections, there was an increase in the amount of collagen fibers in the glomerular tuft and interstitial tissue of group II while there was a minimal amount of collagen fibers in group III. group IV showed an increase in the amount of collagen fibers.
The immunohistochemical results:
1- Anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen antibody (PCNA): in liver and kidney sections of group II and group IV, there were few PCNA immunoreactive nuclei while there were many PCNA immunoreactive nuclei in group III.
2- Activated caspase 3 antibodies: in liver sections of group II, there was a positive immune reaction in the cytoplasm and nuclei of hepatocytes. group III showed marked improvement in contrast to group IV which showed minimal improvement. Kidney sections of group II showed a positive immune reaction in cytoplasm and nuclei of glomerular and tubular cells. group III showed marked improvement in contrast to group IV which showed minimal improvement.
3-Anti-alpha smooth muscle actin antibody: in liver tissue sections of group II, there was positive immunoreactivity in the portal area. group III showed marked improvement while group IV showed minimal improvement. In kidney tissue sections of II, there was positive immunoreactivity in the interstitium and glomeruli. group III showed obvious improvement while group IV showed minimal improvement.