الفهرس 
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Abstract
The introduction of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy during the early 1980s dramatically changed the management of urinary tract stones. However, the newer generations of lithotripters are associated with lower success rates .for this reasons, scientists started to investigate various factors that may limit the effectiveness of SW in disintegrating stones, including stone related factors, machine related factors, and treatment strategies related factors. Among them, shock frequency was learned in vivo and in vitro studies, but with some conflicting results.