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Abstract Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been raising an ongoing concern over the years as one of the most common endocrine and metabolic conditions in childhood. In the Middle East, Egypt shares the largest number of estimated childhood T1DM cases (8/100,000 per year). The seriousness of T1DM comes from its potentially devastating complications; such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which can be the first presentation of the condition. In fact, 20-40% of newly diagnosed patients are admitted to hospitals with DKA. Cerebral edema is the most severe complication of DKA in children, although it has been reported in adults. Other complications of DKA include hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, acute renal failure, and shock. |