الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia, consist of a wide spectrum of conditions which are associated with essential maternal and fetal/neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Worldwide, preeclampsia and related-conditions are the main causes of maternal mortality. Although maternal death due to preeclampsia is less common in developed countries, maternal morbidity is high and is a major cause of admission to intensive care unit during pregnancy.
The development of AKI in pregnancy, pregnancy-related AKI (PRAKI) is not rare, occurring between 6% and 55% cases. This condition considered to be one of the most common causes of AKI, contributing 20%–40% of all AKI cases.
The term AKI is used to reflect the entire spectrum of what is defined as the abrupt reduction in renal function, in hours or days, in which acute renal failure (ARF) is characterized by a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and/or urinary volume, in addition to the loss of basic functions; such as the inability to maintain the hydro-electrolyte and basic acid balance till the onset of structural changes, and from prerenal azotaemia to acute tubular necrosis.
The absence of sensitive and specific biomarkers for early detection of AKI impairs progress in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with AKI and has a detrimental effect on the design and the outcomes of clinical trials.
In the last few years many novel human biomarkers have been found to detect kidney injury and have proven to precede and/or complement serum creatinine in the diagnosis of AKI.
Studies of plasma NGAL demonstrating it to be an independent predictor of acute kidney injury severity and duration as well as length of stay in the hospital.
With the recent advances in ultrasound technology, sonographic evaluation of the kidneys has greatly improved and has now become the primary imaging modality for evaluating renal diseases.
Ultrasound is a cheap and easily accessible modality for screening of patients with renal dysfunction besides being radiation free.
Renal resistance indices (RRIs) considered being an integrative parameter which helps in detecting renal preclinical dysfunction, renal vascular damages, acute and chronic renal changes in renal vascular compliance and resistances.
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of renal resistance indices (RRIs) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) for early prediction of occurrence and severity of acute kidney injury in patients with severe preeclampsia.