الفهرس 
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Abstract
The analysis of karyotype diversity using different chromosome criteria and examination of satellite chromosomes as sources of the chromosome variation as well as the genetic diversity based on molecular polymorphism of RAPD, SSR and ITS regions among sister cells in the same tissue and between individual cloves of two garlic clones (Baladi and Egaseed1) were the main goals of this study. Clarifying the relationship between the chromosomal changes in respect to occurrence of Ac transposable element was also addressed.
The present work concerned with studying cytological features (karyotype – specific chromosome variations- sat chromosomes) in different levels (cells, tissues, cloves, bulbs and genotypes). Mitotic chromosome features of individual cloves of two garlic clones was examined to investigate the karyotypic variations among them. Some cytological features such as number and position of the secondary constrictions in garlic genome were also studied in addition to explain the differences in the karyotype formula between cells in the same tissue ( root tip) .
The total length of chromosome pair No. 1 was ranged from 16.5 to 19.4 microns in the clone Egaseed1and 17.7 to 21.8 microns in Balady with general means of18.09 and19.96 microns for Egaseed1 and Balady, respectively. The actual length of chromosome pair No. 2 was ranged from 15.22 to 17.92 microns for Egaseed1 whereas its length was ranged from 16.14 microns to 19.85 microns for Balady. Short, long and total length showed high significant differences between the different clones. Significant variations in the relative length of chromosome pair no.3 between the clone Balady and Egaseed1. There are clear variations in the total length of the chromosome pair No. 4 among garlic cloves ranged from 13. to16.00 microns for Egaseed1 and ranged from 14.6 to 17.41 microns for Balady. High significant variations in the short arm, long arm and total length of chromosome pair No.4 were found between clones. The differences in the long arm of the fifth chromosome pair are greater than those in the short arm which caused significant differences in the total chromosome length of that pair between the garlic clones , bulbs and individiual cloves.There were no significant differences found between the clones, bulbs and individiual cloves in the centromeric index, arm ratio and relative length. The significant variations in the short and long arm were found between the studied clones and even among some bulbs and individiual cloves of the chromosome pair No. 6. The total chromosome length was ranged from 11.98 to14.12 microns for Egaseed1 and from 12.89 to 15.25 microns for Balady. The total chromosome length of the chromosome pair no. 7 was ranged from 10.92 to12.80 microns for Egaseed1 and from 12.03 to 13.92 microns for Balady. Significant differences in the short, long arm and total length of chromosome pair no.8 were observed specially between the clones and bulbs more than the single cloves.