الفهرس 
Surgical anatomy of the kidneyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary and conclusion The treatment of urolithiasis and endourology has been revolutionized with the advent of modern and minimally invasive techniques. Following the introduction of PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) as one of these minimally invasive technique in 1976, it has become the mainstay and the preferred therapy for large and complex renal calculi(5).According to the European guidelines, it is considered as the gold standard for treatment of renal stones more than 2 cm (6). Over the past several decades, many innovations have led to advances in the techniques and equipment used to perform PCNL (7). The main target of PCNL and other surgical interventions for urolithiasis is to achieve a stone-free status. In PCNL, stone migration and fragment scaterring that may occur due to the pressure effect of irrigation fluid or during stone fragmentation are major factors that prolong the introperative time, impair the stone-free rate and leave the patient with residual stones (8). In standard PCNL considering that the amplatz is the inflow and the outflow this make more turbulence in the fluid which lead to increase in the intra renal pressure with more kidney damage, more stone migration to a remote calyx resulting in residual stones that subsequently act as a nidus that lead to recurrent stone formation. All of this lead to increase the rate of auxiliary procedures which considered as clavien scoring grade 3 leading to more hazards for the patient and also more cost (9).