الفهرس 
Introduction & Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Globally, pneumonia is a serious public health concern and a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapies, microbiological diagnostic tests and prevention measures, pneumonia remains the main cause of death from infectious disease in the world. An important reason for the increased global mortality is the impact of pneumonia on chronic diseases, along with the increasing age of the population and the virulence factors of the causative microorganism. The increasing number of multidrug-resistant bacteria, difficult-to-treat microorganisms, and the emergence of new pathogens are a major problem for clinicians when deciding antimicrobial therapy. This work aimed to detect bacterial causes of pneumonia and antibiotics that can be used for the treatment. Furthermore, the work aims to identify the prevalence of atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Eighty-eight clinical samples were collected from patients admitted to different Mansoura University Hospitals from July 2019 to January 2020. The laboratory procedures were carried out at the Microbiology Diagnostics and infection control unit (MDICU) as well as in Microbial Genetics unit, in Medical Microbiology and Immunology department, Faculty of Medicine Mansoura University. The isolation and identification of causative microorganism was done by colony morphology, gram stained film, manual biochemical tests and the antibiotic sensitivity tests were carried out by disc diffusion methods. Out of 88 samples, 50 samples collected from sputum and ETA of patients were used to detect the presence of atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia pneumoniae using multiplex PCR. The results of isolation of 55 clinical microbial isolates from 88 samples, showed that Citrobacter diversus (19.3%) was the most common pathogen detected followed by P. aeruginosa (13.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8%), Enterobacter agglomerans and Candida sp. (5.7%), E. coli (4.5%), Proteus vulgaris (3.4%), VRSA and Streptococcus sp. (1.1%). The results of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of 50 bacterial isolates from sputum and ETA of patients admitted to different Mansoura University Hospitals, showed that ETA samples were the most common samples giving positive bacterial growth. The isolated microorganisms showed high resistance to cefaclor and cefuroxime (98%) and the highest susceptibility was shown to imipenem (70%) followed by amikacin (48%), gentamicin (26%), meropenem and levofloxacin (22%), piperacillin-tazobactam (20%). Multiplex PCR technique was used to detect the presence of atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia pneumoniae in sputum and ETA of 50 patients admitted to different Mansoura University Hospitals, showed that no atypical bacteria were detected.