الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study was conducted in 2018/2019 aiming to get a recent
the geomorphological and pedological characteristics
of soils in Menouf district area, that located at the middle west of
Menoufia governorate, east of Rosetta branch in the southern part of Nile
Delta. One of the main goals of the study is to monitor and assess all
types and rates of land degradation and change detection methods in land
use/land cover between the years of 1967 and 2018 using Remote
Sensing, GIS technologies and detailed field surveys. The change of
studied soil fertility and land capability between this period were, also,
assessed. This area lies between longitudes 30° 50` and 31° 00` E and
latitudes 30° 20` and 30° 35` N, having an area of 53582.3 feddans.
The interpretation of satellite images indicated that, this area has an
Alluvial Plain main geomorphic unit with nine landform units. These
landform units are High Terraces (19.4% from the studied area), Medium
Terraces (15.3%), Low Terraces (24.6%), Over Flow Basin (25.6 %),
Decantation Basin (7.9%), Meandering belt (0.543%), Depression
(1.456%), Levee (2.558%), Island (0.627%), Water (1.953%).
To achieve these aims, remote sensing imagery was analyzed, GIS
programs were used, field surveys were conducted, from which ground
control points and terrestrial data pertaining to land use and land cover
were acquired. Soil and water samples were collected and chemically
analyzed and the results were used to produce soil degradation, land use
and Land cover and land capability maps.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
The integration between RS, GIS technology was used to produce
results, figures as well as geomorphic, land evaluation and spatial
quantitative land degradation and change detection in land use/land
cover maps.
To monitor and assess all types and rates of land degradation and
change detection methods in land use/land cover between the years
of 1967 and 2018, a new approach was designed through integration
of GLASOD-FAO approach, GIS techniques and finally the spatial
land degradation model (SLDM).
The overall rate of change detection in land use/land cover between
each interval (1967 and 2018) was high for urban land and low for
agriculture and water areas, where the agricultural area was
decreased by a rate of 1039.98 feddan, the water area was decreased
by a rate of 1067.95 feddan and the fallow soil area was decreased
by a rate of 417.49 feddan. However, the urban area was increased
by a rate of 2525.43 feddan.
The soil morphological description indicated that, all studied soils
have almost flat topography with deep soil profiles (more than 130
cm). These soils have brown to dark grayish brown color. These
soils have almost sandy loam to sandy clay loam texture with
moderate medium sub angular blocky structure. Bulk density, as an
indicator of compaction, ranges between 1.22 and 1.45 g/cm3. They
have mostly very hard (dry) and very firm (moist) consistence with
very sticky and plastic status.
All studied soils are moderately alkaline (pH < 8.5), non-saline (EC
< 4 ds/m) and non-sodic (ESP < 15%). They are slightly calcareous
(CaCO3 < 4%) having very slight gypsum content. Organic matter
(OM) is low and decreased with depth. Cation exchange capacity is
mainly correlated with the fine fractions and OM contents.
These soils have moderate content of available macro nutrients (N,
P, K) and low content of available micro and trace elements.
The studied soils were classified to sub great group level according
to Soil Survey Staff (2014). The dominant soil moisture regime is
Torric with Thermic soil temperature regime. All studied soils
-surface horizons. Therefor these soils
were classified under Entisols as Typic Torriorthents.
The evaluation of irrigation water resources indicated that, most of
these waters have normal reaction (pH) with non to moderately
saline hazard. These waters have mostly non chloride hazard with
slight to moderate sodium hazard. These waters are moderately
suitable for irrigation.
Spatial models for overall land degradation were created using the
Model Builder tool in ArcGIS 10.1 (spatial analyst extension) for
land degradation mapping in 1967 and 2018. There are five major
factors were studied as follows:
o Salinization: Most of studied soils at 2018 have EC values
and soluble ions lower than those found at 1967.
o Sodification: Soil ESP values at 2018 were lower than those
measured at 1967 and therefore soil reaction (pH) values
were, also, lower. This improvement in soil salinization,
sodification and reaction could be attributed to the addition
of soil amendments and the improve of drainage status by
tile drainage system application.
o Soil compaction: The degradation resulted from soil
compaction between 1967 and 2018 was none to low based
on the change of bulk density values. This could be
attributed to the use of heavy machinery in the moderately
heavy texture soils of the study area.
o Waterlogging: Water table level was used as indication for
waterlogging degradation. There is an improvement in the
soil waterlogging degradation in the study area through the
period from 1967 to 2018. This could be attributed to the use
of the modern irrigation systems with the presence of tile
drainage system.
o Fertility index: The overall fertility degree of about 25%
from the studied area was improved from low degree in 1967
to moderate one in 2018 based on the improving for the
fertility parameters indices of OM, CEC and NPK.
Spatial models for overall fertility index were created using the
Model Builder tool in ArcGIS 10.4 (spatial analyst extension) for
fertility index mapping in 1967 and 2018(SFIM).
The overall degradation rate of considered area from the studied
soils was improved from the moderate degree in 1967 to the low
one in 2018.
Accordingly, the land capability evaluation of about 50% from the
studied area was improved from C3 (fair) and C4 (poor) in 1967 to
C2 (good) in 2018.
This study was conducted in 2018/2019 aiming to get a recent
the geomorphological and pedological characteristics
of soils in Menouf district area, that located at the middle west of
Menoufia governorate, east of Rosetta branch in the southern part of Nile
Delta. One of the main goals of the study is to monitor and assess all
types and rates of land degradation and change detection methods in land
use/land cover between the years of 1967 and 2018 using Remote
Sensing, GIS technologies and detailed field surveys. The change of
studied soil fertility and land capability between this period were, also,
assessed. This area lies between longitudes 30° 50` and 31° 00` E and
latitudes 30° 20` and 30° 35` N, having an area of 53582.3 feddans.
The interpretation of satellite images indicated that, this area has an
Alluvial Plain main geomorphic unit with nine landform units. These
landform units are High Terraces (19.4% from the studied area), Medium
Terraces (15.3%), Low Terraces (24.6%), Over Flow Basin (25.6 %),
Decantation Basin (7.9%), Meandering belt (0.543%), Depression
(1.456%), Levee (2.558%), Island (0.627%), Water (1.953%).
To achieve these aims, remote sensing imagery was analyzed, GIS
programs were used, field surveys were conducted, from which ground
control points and terrestrial data pertaining to land use and land cover
were acquired. Soil and water samples were collected and chemically
analyzed and the results were used to produce soil degradation, land use
and Land cover and land capability maps.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
The integration between RS, GIS technology was used to produce
results, figures as well as geomorphic, land evaluation and spatial
quantitative land degradation and change detection in land use/land
cover maps.
To monitor and assess all types and rates of land degradation and
change detection methods in land use/land cover between the years
of 1967 and 2018, a new approach was designed through integration
of GLASOD-FAO approach, GIS techniques and finally the spatial
land degradation model (SLDM).
The overall rate of change detection in land use/land cover between
each interval (1967 and 2018) was high for urban land and low for
agriculture and water areas, where the agricultural area was
decreased by a rate of 1039.98 feddan, the water area was decreased
by a rate of 1067.95 feddan and the fallow soil area was decreased
by a rate of 417.49 feddan. However, the urban area was increased
by a rate of 2525.43 feddan.
The soil morphological description indicated that, all studied soils
have almost flat topography with deep soil profiles (more than 130
cm). These soils have brown to dark grayish brown color. These
soils have almost sandy loam to sandy clay loam texture with
moderate medium sub angular blocky structure. Bulk density, as an
indicator of compaction, ranges between 1.22 and 1.45 g/cm3. They
have mostly very hard (dry) and very firm (moist) consistence with
very sticky and plastic status.
All studied soils are moderately alkaline (pH < 8.5), non-saline (EC
< 4 ds/m) and non-sodic (ESP < 15%). They are slightly calcareous
(CaCO3 < 4%) having very slight gypsum content. Organic matter
(OM) is low and decreased with depth. Cation exchange capacity is
mainly correlated with the fine fractions and OM contents.
These soils have moderate content of available macro nutrients (N,
P, K) and low content of available micro and trace elements.
The studied soils were classified to sub great group level according
to Soil Survey Staff (2014). The dominant soil moisture regime is
Torric with Thermic soil temperature regime. All studied soils
-surface horizons. Therefor these soils
were classified under Entisols as Typic Torriorthents.
The evaluation of irrigation water resources indicated that, most of
these waters have normal reaction (pH) with non to moderately
saline hazard. These waters have mostly non chloride hazard with
slight to moderate sodium hazard. These waters are moderately
suitable for irrigation.
Spatial models for overall land degradation were created using the
Model Builder tool in ArcGIS 10.1 (spatial analyst extension) for
land degradation mapping in 1967 and 2018. There are five major
factors were studied as follows:
o Salinization: Most of studied soils at 2018 have EC values
and soluble ions lower than those found at 1967.
o Sodification: Soil ESP values at 2018 were lower than those
measured at 1967 and therefore soil reaction (pH) values
were, also, lower. This improvement in soil salinization,
sodification and reaction could be attributed to the addition
of soil amendments and the improve of drainage status by
tile drainage system application.
o Soil compaction: The degradation resulted from soil
compaction between 1967 and 2018 was none to low based
on the change of bulk density values. This could be
attributed to the use of heavy machinery in the moderately
heavy texture soils of the study area.
o Waterlogging: Water table level was used as indication for
waterlogging degradation. There is an improvement in the
soil waterlogging degradation in the study area through the
period from 1967 to 2018. This could be attributed to the use
of the modern irrigation systems with the presence of tile
drainage system.
o Fertility index: The overall fertility degree of about 25%
from the studied area was improved from low degree in 1967
to moderate one in 2018 based on the improving for the
fertility parameters indices of OM, CEC and NPK.
Spatial models for overall fertility index were created using the
Model Builder tool in ArcGIS 10.4 (spatial analyst extension) for
fertility index mapping in 1967 and 2018(SFIM).
The overall degradation rate of considered area from the studied
soils was improved from the moderate degree in 1967 to the low
one in 2018.
Accordingly, the land capability evaluation of about 50% from the
studied area was improved from C3 (fair) and C4 (poor) in 1967 to
C2 (good) in 2018.