الفهرس 
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Abstract
Five hundred eggs (100 pooled samples, each 5 eggs represent one sample) were collectedrandomly from June to September, 2019, from different places in Assiut city, Egypt including poultry farm´s and farmer´s houses egg samples (50 pooled samples for each) for estimation of pesticide residues. In addition to 360 poultry farm´s and farmer´s houses egg samples (36 pooled samples for each) were analyzed for dipping in vinegar (acetic acid 5%) and boiling to study their effect on pesticides level.
The sample extraction, cleanup, in addition to analysis which was doneby using GC-MS (7890A-5975B), USA, in Analytical Chemistry Accredited Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt.
The obtained results can be summarized as follow:
1. Levelsof some OPP residues in the examined egg samples (mg/ kg)
The incidence of diazinon, disulfoton, ethion, parathion-methyl, parathion-ethyl, malathion and chlorpyrifos in farm produced egg samples were 70, 30, 6, 30, 0, 0 and 0% with mean values of 0.058, 0.0051, 0.0253, 0.0154, 0, 0 and 0 mg/ kg, respectively. While, in home produced egg samples were 60, 20, 10, 28, 0, 0 and 0%, with mean values of 0.0143, 0.0062, 0.0167, 0.0137, 0, 0 and 0 mg/ kg, respectively.
All farm produced samples were below MRL for ethion (0.3 mg/ kg according to FAO/ WHO (2005) and parathion-methyl (0.5 mg/ kg as stated by FAO/ WHO (1975), but 74.3% and 6.67% of detected samples were above MRL for diazinon (0.02 mg/ kg that recommended by FAO/ WHO (1999) and TAS 9002 (2013) and disulfoton (0.02 mg/ kg as recorded byFAO/ WHO (2003), respectively. Also, all home produced samples did not exceed MRL for ethion, parathion-methyl and disulfoton. Only 10% of detected samples were above MRL for diazinon.
None of egg samples had EDI above ADI for ethion (0.14 mg/ d/ 70 kg bw according to FAO/ WHO (1990), and parathion-methyl (0.21 mg/ d/ 70 kg bw as recommended by FAO/ WHO (1995), meanwhile, 5.71% and 6.67% of farm produced samples had EDI above ADI for diazinon and disulfoton (0.35 and 0.021 mg/ d/ 70 kg bw that stated by FAO/ WHO (2006). While home produced samples had EDI below ADI for diazinon, however, 20% of detected samples had EDI above ADI for disulfoton.
HRI of diazinon, disulfoton, ethion, parathion-methyl and ΣHRI’s in farm produced eggs, respectively were 0.235, 0.348, 0.259, 0.105 and 0.947, while ofhome produced eggs were 0.059, 0.419, 0.171, 0.093 and 0.742 respectively. EitherHRI for each individual OPP or ΣHRI’s were below <1(EFSA, 2013), so no risk of adverse effects following exposure to OPP residues from eggs.
2. Levels of some OCP residues in the examined egg samples (mg/ kg):
The incidence of dieldrin, lindane, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorbenzene, alachlor, aldrin, heptachlor, methoxychlor, p,p´-DDE and propachlorin farm produced samples, respectively were 56, 40, 58, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 and 0%, with mean values of 0.0121, 0.015, 0.0041, 0.0088, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 and 0 mg/ kg. However, in home produced samples, they were 36, 52, 62, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 and 0%, with mean values of 0.0226, 0.011, 0.0043, 0.0076, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 and 0 mg/ kg, respectively.
All egg samples were below MRL for dieldrin (0.1 mg/ kg according to FAO/ WHO (1997) and heptachlor epoxide (0.05 mg/ kg that stated by FAO/ WHO (1994), while 100% and 15.79% of farm produced samples, respectively were above MRL for lindane (0.001 mg/ kg as recorded by FAO/ WHO (2016) and HCB (0.02 mg/ kg as recommended by EU (2002), however 100% and 4.76% of home produced samples exceeded MRL for lindane and HCB, respectively.
All farm produced eggs had EDI below ADI for lindane (0.35 mg/ d/ 70 kg bw according to FAO/ WHO (2002) and heptachlor epoxide (0.007 mg/ d/ 70 kg bwas recorded byFAO/ WHO (1995). 100% and 73.68% of detected samples had EDI above ADI for dieldrin (0.007 mg/ d/ 70 kg bwthat stated byFAO/ WHO (1995) and HCB (0.0042 mg/ d/ 70 kg bwas recommended byFAO/ WHO (1973), respectively. Concerning home produced eggs, 100%, 3.23% and 61.9% of detected samples had EDI above ADI of dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and HCB, respectively. However, all samples had EDI below ADI of lindane.
HRI of dieldrin, lindane, heptachlor epoxide, HCB and ΣHRI’s of detected farm produced eggs were 2.471, 0.063, 0.829, 3 and 6.363 respectively. While, of detected home produced eggs respectively, were 4.6, 0.047, 0.871, 2.571 and 8.089. ΣHRI’s of the detected OCP residues in the examined egg samples were above >1, so there was risk of adverse effects following exposure to the OCP residues from eggs.
3. Effect of dipping egg samples in vinegar (acetic acid 5%) on detected pesticide residues concentration:
a. OPP residues
The mean values of diazinon, disulfoton, ethion and parathion-methyl in control farm produced eggswere 0.04, 0.004, 0.000005 and 0.007; all mean values were decreased after dipping in vinegar (acetic acid 5%)for 10 min to 0.0007, 0.001, 0 and 0.001 mg/ kg respectively. Diazinon and parathion-methyl mean values before dipping of home produced eggs were 0.0089and 0.0009 and decreased to 0.0011 and 0 mg/ kg in dipped eggs in vinegar, respectively.
b. OCP residues
Before and after dipping, mean values of dieldrin, lindane, heptachlor epoxide and HCB of farm produced eggs, respectively were 0.006, 0.011, 0.003 and 0.006, decreased to 0.001, 0.003, 0.001 and 0.0001 mg/ kg, while of home produced eggs were0.016, 0.009, 0.001 and 0.0002 and decreased to 0, 0.001, 0 and 0 mg/ kg, respectively.
4. Effect of boiling egg samples on detected pesticide residues concentration:
a. OPP residues
The mean values of diazinon and parathion-methyl in raw farm produced egg samples were 0.007 and 0.001 and decreased to 0.0007 and 0.0006 mg/ kg in boiled egg samples for 13 min, respectively. The mean values of diazinon, disulfotonand parathion-methyl before boiling home produced eggs, they were 0.011, 0.0007 and 0.003, all decreased after boiling to 0.0009,0 and 0mg/ kg, respectively.
b. OCP residues
The mean values of dieldrin, lindane and HCB of farm produced eggswere decreased from 0.003, 0.005 and 0.002 to 0, 0.00054and 0mg/ kg, respectively. The mean values of dieldrin, lindane, heptachlor epoxide and HCB in raw home produced egg samples were 0.007, 0.006, 0.001 and 0.002 and were decreased to 0, 0.0026, 0and 0.0003 mg/ kg in boiled egg samples, respectively.
The public health hazards and economic significance of pesticides were discussed, and the maximum efforts and suggestions that should be made to control the residues of these pesticides in food, especially eggs, were also discussed.