الفهرس 
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Abstract
Detection and management of renal problems in children are of major importance for CKD prevention; this in turn will decrease the burden of CKD in the pediatric population.
Worldwide, screening for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is controversial. The primary basis for this controversy is the uncertainty whether early detection of renal disorders in childhood will lead to effective interventions and reduction in the number of individuals who develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
This study aimed to screen the urine of school aged children in Kafr El- Sheikh governorate (Kafr El-Sheikh District) by dipstick for detection of silent urine abnormalities among primary school children.
The present study was designed to study the prevalence of renal and urological disorders in children screened for abnormal urine analysis in population of apparently healthy children of both sex and aged 6-11year, born and continue to reside in Kafr El-Sheikh District.
Screening was done upon 500 school aged children of both sexes and from three primary schools. Those children were apparently healthy and aged 6-11year.
The children included in the study had:
1- Complete history tacking.
2- Complete physical examination.
3- We done the following investigations:
a- Dipstick urine analysis for all the 500 child.
b- Chemical and microscopic urine analysis for 84 children who found positive by dipstick.
c- Urine culture to 26 children with positive pyuria.
In this study 225 cases (45%) were male while 275 case (55%) were female and from 500 selected child 400 (80%) were from rural area and 100 (20%) from urban area.
In this study, the prevalence of urinary abnormalities among primary school children by dipstick test was 16.8% with slightly higher prevalence in female than male. There was 9.8% of the studied group had hematuria, 8.2% had leucocytes in urine, 1.8% were positive in nitrite and lastly 1.4% had proteinuria.
By chemical and microscopic urine examination, performed to 84 students (16.8%) with abnormal finding by dipstick test, the commonest was 36 students (42.86%) had crystaluria which represent 7.2% of the total studied group followed by 26 students (30.95%) had pyuria which represent 5.2% of the total studied group, and lastly 11 students (13.1%) had hematuria which represent 2.2% of the total studied group with no proteinuria detected
Urine culture was performed to 26 students (5.2%) with pyuria and was positive in 20 of them. The causative organisms were E.Coli in 14 of them & klebseilla in 6 students.
This study concluded that crystalluria is the commonest urine abnormality found followed by pyuria then hematuria with E coli as the most common bacteria in culure results.
This study also concluded that differences between results of dipstick and chemical and microscopic urine analysis make dipstick test a good initial screening test to be confirmed by chemical and microscopic analysis.
We recommend national screening programs to children for early detection of renal disorders and also training programs for the health care givers and parents to guide children on how to take care of personal hygiene and good nutirional habits.
We also recommend further studies to compare the prevalence of urinary abnormalities in different areas and the overall prevalence in Egypt.