الفهرس 
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Abstract
Maintaining public health is an imperative. The matter becomes more important when an injury, illness, or defect in one of the body functions occurs.
The infection is spread by person to person through face-to-face contact, or by contact with hands, or by hospital equipment and clothing such as surgical gowns and bed covers.
The clothes are not enough to prevent transmission of the disease. In addition, bacteria can survive on textiles for several days and contribute to disease transmission. As textiles, especially those made from natural fibers, provide an excellent environment for the growth of microorganisms, due to their ability to retain moisture.
Textile finishing using natural antimicrobial materials dates back to ancient times, when ancient Egyptians used spices and herbs to preserve the mummy. As for the current age, there is a growing interest in plant materials as new sources of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials, as the use of chemicals has become severely restricted, as they are responsible for many of the toxins that cause cancer. These plants and their components gain an increasing interest in food, agriculture, pesticides, and textiles, due to their safe natural condition, and their versatility in treating bacteria and fungi. It is reported that the antimicrobial activities of some of these plants are strong due to the presence of phenol, tannin and Quinone in their extracts. The tendency was also to use some animal sources in textile finishing against bacteria and fungi.
This research deals with finishing of cellulosic fabrics and its blends with extracts of some natural plant materials - such as Melia azedarach fruits and the aerial parts of Artemisia plant , and animal materials such as chicken feathers - in economic ways to be a treatment against bacteria and to raise its protection factor against ultraviolet sunlight and improve some of the mechanical properties of fabrics.
The main objective of this research:
1-The use of inexpensive, environmentally friendly natural materials in the treatment and printing of cotton and cotton blended fabrics to be more microbial-resistant and to increase their efficiency in the protection from the sun’s UV rays (UPF) for use in the medical field.
2-Dispose of some waste and benefit from it economically and environmentally, as is the case of chicken feathers.
3- Use of Melia azedarach extract and Artemisia extract as a natural dyes in the printing paste.
1. Analysis Results of Material extract.
1.1. Analysis Results of Melia Azedarach extract,
Artemisia extract and Chicken Feathers extract.
1.1.1. The results of GC / MS / MS analysis showed that the Melia Azedarach extract contains 25 compounds while the Artemisia extract contains 33 compounds. Among these compounds were flavonoids and phenols that have antimicrobial activity. The results of the analysis of chicken feathers extract using the amino acid analysis device also showed that it contains 8.5% amino acids.
1.1.2. Melia azedarach extract, Artemisia extract, and feather feathers extract showed antimicrobial activity to Gram+ ve , Gram– ve bacteria and some types of yeasts, such as Candida.
1.1.3. The results showed that the MIC of Melia azedarach extract was (0.012 ml/µl( which was able to inhibit Candida activity. Also, MIC of Artemisia extract was (0.01 ml/µl) which was able to inhibit one of the Gram+ ve bacteria. Whereas, the MIC of chicken feathers extract was (0.25ml/µl), which showed activity resistant to Gram+ ve bacteria.
1.2. Analysis Results of Printed Samples.
1.2.1. Analysis Results of Printed Samples with Melia azedarach Extract.
1.2.1.1.The results of the scanning electron microscope showed a significant change on the surface of the printed fabrics after washing operations compared to the unprinted fabrics, which indicates the stability of printing past components which containing Melia azedarach , due to formation of chemical bonds between the fibers , the Melia azedarach extract compounds and tannic acid or citric acid On the other hand.
1.2.1.2. The results of FTIR showed the presence of new functional groups related to the compounds of Melia azedarach extract compared to the unprinted samples.
1.2.1.3.The printed samples with Melia azedarach extract showed an anti-microbial activity, where the inhibition zone ranged between 7-13 mm for Gram+ve bacteria, while the inhibition zone ranged between 7-15 mm for Gram– ve bacteria, and the inhibition zone against Candida yeast ranged from 9-13 mm. Whereas, there was no activity of printed samples against fungi, such as Aspergillus fumigatus. This activity is due to the presence of anti-microbial compound , flavonoids and phenol compounds.
1.2.1.4. Through the results of UV protection, it was found that the printed samples had an excellent UV protection factor when compared to the unprinted samples, where the highest protection factor was 82.10 and 73.54 at the Melia azedarach extract concentration of 100% for cotton and cotton /polyester fabrics which pre-mordant with citric acid respectively. While that the UPF for cotton and cotton /polyester fabrics was 1.78 and 2.79, respectively.
1.2.1.5.The results indicated a decrease in air permeability for all printed samples when compared to unprinted samples. where the highest air permeability values for cotton and cotton blended fabrics were 165 and 215 l / m2 / s, while the values of unprinted samples were 349 and 423 l / m2 / s. This decrease is due to the narrowing of the pores of the fabrics as a result of treatment and printing operations.
1.2.1.6. The results showed a relatively significant decrease in the tensile strength values of the printed samples with an increase in the concentration of Melia azedarach extract, especially in the case of cotton/polyester fabrics, due to the acidity of the tannic acid or citric acid, which somewhat weakens the fiber strength. On the other hand, we find that there is a noticeable increase in the elongation of printed fabrics, due to the shrinkage occurrence during the treatment stage with tannic acid or citric acid.
1.2.1.7. The results showed a noticeable improvement in the crease and recovery angle of the printed fabrics, due to the combination of Melia azedarach compounds with the fibers, which leads to a decrease in the amorphous regions .
1.2.1.8. Through the results of the color strength test, it was found that with an increase in the concentration of Melia azedarach extract, the strength of color increased. As the cotton fabrics were the highest in color strength due to the presence of the largest number of hydroxyl groups that are associated with chemical bonds with the flavonoids and phenol compounds present in Melia azedarach extract.
1.2.1.9. The results of the color fastness of the printed samples showed excellent fastness for all the printed samples, as the values of colour fastness to washing were a ranged between 4-5 for both color change and staining, as well as the color fastness values for perspiration (acid and alkali) were between 4 to 4-5, The color fastness values for wet rubbing were a ranged between 3 to 4-5 and 3-4 to 4-5 for dry rubbing, while the color fastness values for light on the blue scale were 6.
1.2.2. Analyses Results of printed samples with
Artemisia extract.
1.2.2.1.The results of the examination with an electronic microscope showed a significant change on the surface of printed fabrics with Artemisia extract compared to the unprinted fabrics in spite of the washing operations, which indicates the stability of the printing paste components containing the Artemisia extract on the fabric. due to the chemical bonds between the fibers and the compounds present in the Artemisia extract , and tannic acid or citric acid on the other hand.
1.2.2.2. The results of FTIR revealed the presence of new functional groups related to Artemisia compounds, unlike the functional groups of unprinted cotton or cotton/polyester fabrics.
1.2.2.3. The printed samples with Artemisia extract showed an antimicrobial activity, as the inhibition zone ranged between 7-13 mm for Gram+ ve bacteria, while the inhibition area ranged between 7-14 mm for Gram– ve bacteria, and the inhibition area against Candida yeast ranged from 8-13 mm. Whereas, there was no activity of printed samples against fungi, such as Aspergillus fumigatus. This activity is due to the presence of anti-bacterial compounds, flavonoids, phenols and artemisinin derivatives.
1.2.2.4. The results of the UPF test showed that the printed samples had an excellent protection factor when compared to the unprinted samples where the highest protection factor was 87.87 and 59.84 at 100% concentration of Artemisia extract for cotton and cotton/polyester samples (which pre-mordant with citric acid), respectively.
1.2.2.5. The results showed a decrease in the air permeability of all printed samples with Artemisia extract when compared to unprinted samples. The highest values for cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics were 156 and 185 l / m2 / s. This decrease is due to the narrowing of the pores of the fabrics as a result of treatment and printing processes, as well as to the binding of Artemisia extract compounds to the fibers with chemical bonds.
1.2.2.6. The results showed a relatively significant decrease in the tensile strength values of the printed samples with an increase in the concentration of Artemisia extract, especially in the case of cotton/polyester fabrics, due to the acidity of the tannic acid or citric acid, which somewhat weakens the fiber strength. On the other hand, we find that there is a noticeable increase in the elongation of printed fabrics.
1.2.2.7. The results showed a noticeable improvement in the crease and recovery angle of the printed samples due to the association of Artemisia extract compounds with fibers.
1.2.2.8. Through the results of the color strength test it was found that the more concentrated Artemisia extract, the colour will be stronger. where the cotton fabrics were the highest in color strength due to the presence of the largest number of hydroxyl groups that are associated with flavonoids and phenols found in Artemisia extract via chemical bonds.
1.2.2.9. The results of the color fastness of the printed samples showed excellent consistency for all the printed samples to light, washing, rubbing and perspiration.
1.2.3. Analyses Results of Printed Samples with Chicken
Feather Extract.
1.2.3.1. The SEM results showed a significant change on the printed fibers surface with the chicken feathers extract compared to the unprinted samples, but with a lesser form than the samples printed with Melia azedarach or Artemisia extract.
1.2.3.2. The FTIR results revealed the presence of new functional groups related to amino acids in chicken feathers extract, unlike the functional groups of unprinted cotton or cotton/polyester fabrics.
1.2.3.3. The printed samples with chicken feathers extract which pre-mordant with tannic acid as a mordant showed an antimicrobial activity, as the inhibition zone ranged between 8- 12 ml for Gram+ ve and Gram– ve bacteria, and the inhibition zone against Candida yeast ranged from 6-8 mm. While there was no activity of samples printed with feather extract without any pre-treatment with tannic acid or citric acid.
1.2.3.4. The results of UPF testing revealed that the printed samples with chicken feather extract which pre-mordant with tannic acid were very good UPF when compared to unprinted samples where the values of UPF were 72.65 and 61.34 at 100% concentration of Chicken feathers extract for cotton and cotton/polyester samples respectively. Whereas, the printed samples without pretreatment or even pretreatment with citric acid did not give an adequate protection factor that makes the fabrics resistant to the sun’s UV rays.
1.2.3.5. The results showed a noticeable decrease in the air permeability of all samples printed with chicken feather extract, when compared to unprinted samples. The highest values of cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics untreated with tannic acid or citric acid were 175 and 201 l/m2/s. This decrease is due to the narrowing of the pores of the fabrics as a result of the printing processes.
1.2.3.6.The results indicated a relatively significant decrease in the tensile strength values of the printed samples with an increase in the concentration of Chicken feather extract, especially in the case of pre-mordant fabrics with tannic acid or citric acid. On the other hand, we find that there is a noticeable increase in the elongation of printed fabrics, due to the occurrence of shrinkage due to the degree of alkalinity of the feather extract.
1.2.3.7. The results showed a noticeable improvement in the crease and recovery angle of the printed samples, especially in the pre-treated samples with tannic acid or citric acid. This is due to the association of amino acids present in the Chicken feather extract with the fibers, which leads to a decrease in amorphous regions that responsible for shrinkage
1.2.3.8. Through the results of the color strength test it was found that the printed samples with Chicken feather extract without pre-treatment or even pre-treatment with citric acid were not given any colour. Whereas, pre-mordant samples with tannic acid showed a measured color. This color is due to tannic acid, not Chicken feather extract.
1.2.3.9. The color fastness results of the printed samples with Chicken feather extract and the previous treatment with tannic acid showed excellent stability of perspiration, light, washing and rubbing.