الفهرس 
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Abstract
Distribution system is the quintessential part of the entire electrical supply
industry since it is responsible for providing electrical energy to each one
of the millions of consumers as well as to all industrial plants. Distributed
generation (DG) units are small scale power generating plants connected
directly to the distribution network (D ) or on the customer side of the
.~
meter. DG placement impacts critically the operation of the DN. Improper
selection of locations and sizes of DG may lead to higher losses and bad
voltage profile. On the contrary, optimal DG placement can improve
network performance in terms of voltage profile, reduce flows and system
losses. In this work, two algorithms, analytical algorithm and particle
swarm optimization (PSO) - based one, are introduced and compared with
each other for optimal allocation of DG units in primary radial distribution
networks (RDNs). The main objective is to minimize the total loss in real
power taking into account DG capacity constraints, voltage constraints, and
line current limits. Four different types of DG units are considered as
follows:
Type 1: DG has the capability to inject active power only.
Type 2: DG has the capability to inject both active and reactive power.
Type 3: DG has the capability to inject reactive power only.
Type 4: DG has the capability to inject active power but consumes reactive
power.
The two algorithms make use of a backward / forward load flow method
for the load flow analysis of the radial distribution system by which the
node voltages and the total active power loss of the network are
determined. The algorithms are tested on the IEEE 33 bus, IEEE 41 bus,
and IEEE 69 bus radial distribution systems and the results are obtained
using MA TLAB software. At the end of this work, a methodology is
introduced to evaluate the economic benefits for optimal allocation of DG
units in distribution systems.