الفهرس 
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Abstract
This field study aimed to investigate of the clinico-biochemical findings associated with bacterial diarrhea in buffalo calves (aged 1-3 months). Also, evaluation of Lactobacillus spp. Strains as probiotics and comparison between the impaction of using antimicrobial therapy and probiotic therapy in treatment of buffalo calves bacterial diarrhea.The farm in which the study on has been on a vaccination program that includes bovine viral diarrhea vaccine, rift valley fever vaccine, three day sickness vaccine, foot and mouth disease vaccine, one shot ultra-vaccine and pneumovax vaccine. Calves were vaccinated at birth with (Calf-Guard®) with a dose 3ml/head per os which act against rotavirus and coronavirus infections. Diarrheic animals were used in this field study showed clinical signs of diarrhea then the animals were classified into (2) groups according to trials of treatment; and a group of perfectly normal calves that shows normal vital signs, feeding and suckling with no history of any previous illness or diseases.-Healthy (Control) Group: 10 perfectly normal calves that shows normal vital signs and without any previous illness history.-Antibiotic Group: 20 diarrheic calves treated with normal courses of Antibiotics with supportive treatment.-Probiotic Group: 20 diarrheic calves treated with probiotic course with supportive treatment.1-Clinical Findings:In comparison between healthy an diarrheic calves; The symptoms of bacterial diarrhea appeared in anorexia, weakness, dullness, staggering movement, and weight loss, pale mucus membranes with sunken eyes and watery diarrhea with foul odor (colored greenish, milky white, blackish or yellowish) were the prominent clinical signs in most diarrheic calves. Moreover, fever, low pulse rate, increased skin fold tent as a dehydration sign and elevated respiration with occurrence of profuse watery diarrhea with offensive odor which varies in color.Clinical examination of diarrheic calves after treatment by either antibiotic or probiotic revealed that calves returned toward normal healthy clinical signs.2-Serum biochemical findings:Serum sodium and chloride levels were significantly decreased while serum potassium level was significantly increased at the diarrheic calves compared to healthy calves. On the other hand there was no significant change in serum Calcium and Phosphorus.Serum urea, creatinine, ALT, AST and GGT levels were significantly increased at the diarrheic calves compared to healthy calves. While albumin level showed significant decrease at the diarrheic calves compared to healthy calves. Moreover, Serum glucose and total protein were significantly decreased at the diarrheic calves compared to healthy calves.Serum cholesterol showed non-significant change; while Serum triglycerides level showed significant increase at the diarrheic. In addition; Serum cortisol, CPK and CRP levels were significantly increased at the diarrheic calves compared to healthy calves.While ALT and triglycerides remained significantly high in both treatment trails; all other changes except serum glucose, GGT and CPK returned toward normal levels after antibiotics treatment, while in case of probiotic treatment all those changes including serum glucose, GGT and CPK returned toward normal levels.3-Bacteriological findings:Fecal samples collected from diarrheic calves before and after treatment with LAB-probiotic showed a significant decrease in total aerobic bacterial count and pathogenic E. coli. Other samples before probiotic treatment showed isolation of Acinetobacter baumannii / iwoffiiss Spp. mixed with Klebsiella and other samples showed Pseudomonas Spp. in which after probiotic treatment the result became completely negative as the Acinetobacter Spp. have high antibiotic resistance ability.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS from the obtained results of this study we can conclude that1. Calf diarrhea have a negative health impact by changing the clinical picture and biochemical blood parameters in Egyptian buffalo calves. Consequently, a special care should be given toward the buffalo calves less than three months old to avoid risk factors associated with calf diarrhea. 2.Lactic acid bacteria probiotics appears to be strongly promising in treatment of bacterial buffalo calves diarrhea therefore it could be added to the therapeutic protocol of diarrhea in calves as they of natural origin and enhancing the immunity through reducing stress biomarkers and inflammatory responses.3. Furthermore, in the future more studies are recommended to carry out on the usage probiotic therapy.