الفهرس 
Intra-abdominal pressureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Laparoscopic surgery is regarded as the gold standard for gynecological treatment of many benign and malignant diseases over the past three decades. Indications for laparoscopic gynecological surgery are diagnostic pelvis copies, tubal surgery, ovarian surgery, surgical interventions in the uterus, urogynecology surgery like Sacro colpopexy, endometriosis surgery and oncological surgery like radical hysterectomies and pelvic/paraaortal lymphonodectomies.
Main risk factors for perioperative complications are highly complex surgical procedures, prior abdominal surgery and adiposity. Frequent complications are injuries of the colon and small intestine,of arterial and venous vessels as well as of ureter and bladder.
An artificially created pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic procedures is the basis for the direct view of the internal organs. Pneumoperitoneum is defined as an air or gas accumulation in the peritoneal cavity and is nowadays usually created with carbon dioxide (CO2) and called Capnopneumoperitoneum.
Postoperative pain components in laparoscopic surgery include incisional pain (parietal pain), deep intra-abdominal pain (visceral pain), and shoulder pain (approximately referred visceral pain).
Visual analogue scales (VAS) are commonly used in clinical trials and other studies as primary or secondary outcomes or as a tool to derive a health utility index. The VAS is a 10 cm long straight line, marked at each end with labels which anchor the scale .Vertical and horizontal presentations have been developed, although the horizontal version is the most common.