الفهرس 
Chapter one IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary The thesis consists of three main chapter besides it includes Arabic and English summary: Chapter one: Is the introduction and includes outlines on electro chemistry, voltammetry and it different techniques explanted of cyclic voltammetry, its advantages, electrodes and electrode processes were also cited .the different solvents, supporting electrolytes and applications of cyclic voltammetry was also given some literature survey of cyclic voltammetry are summarized in this chapter. Uses and analytical survey of calcium ions also given in this chapter. Chapter two: Is the experimental part it includes, measurements of cyclic voltammetry, materials, electrolytes used, ligands, preparation of gold and palladium working electrodes. Chapter three: Is the results and discussion and it dividends into 4 parts: Part 1 – i : Estimation of cyclic voltammetry parameters for strontium chloride and its interaction with ceftriaxone sodium salt in KNO3 using palladium working electrode. On adding different concentrations of strontium chloride to medium solution of 0.01M KNO3 using prepared palladium working electrode we noticed useful effect of SrCl2 on palladium. Noticeable increase in the cathodic four redox waves (two reduction, two oxidation) current of the second reduction waves ,shift of its cathodic electrode potentials indicating the ease of using this wave for estimation of strontium ions in solution. The thermodynamic parameters, stability constant and Gibbs free energies of complextion for interaction of strontium chloride with ceftriaxone sodium salt are evaluated giving very large values indicating covalent bonds are formed from the interaction of ceftriaxone sodium salt drug with strontium chloride. Different scan rates were done for this interaction between SrCl2 + ceftriaxone sodium salt and the evaluation electron transfer rate constant was evaluation and found to decrease by on the scan rate indicating catalytic kinetic reaction. ii Estimation of cyclic voltammetry data for SrCl2 in 0.1 M KBr using gold working electrode. The cyclic voltammetry of SrCl2 alone was studies in 0.1M KBr using gold working electrode. Different cyclic voltammetry data are calculated from the cyclic voltammograms of SrCl2 in 0.1M KBr and using gold working electrode. We noticed inverted reduction peak at ~ 1.2V due to the absorption of complex species. Invented reduction peak can be used here for the analytical estimation of SrCl2 in solutions. Part 2 – i : Is the electrochemical behavior of calcium chloride in absence and presence of Ceftriaxone sodium salt drug in 0.01M KNO3 using palladium working electrode. The same medium was used for evaluating the analytical parameters for CaCl2 alone as in case of SrCl2 in absence and presence of drug ceftriaxone sodium salt in 0.01M KNO3 solution and using palladium working electrode. We noticed two reduction waves happened at 0.1& -0.3V which are at 0.2& -0.4V for SrCl2. The mainly detectable oxidation peak appeared at -0.3V for CaCl2 in 0.01 M KNO3 in comparison to SrCl2 which happened at -0.4V. The second reduction peak for CaCl2and the first oxidation peak were used for evaluating the different cyclic voltammetry parameters using the relation between peak current and CaCl2 concentrations, straight lines for both the cathodic and anodic waves were obtained which can be used for the analytical estimations of Ca+2 ions. On analysis of the main calcium reduction and oxidation peak we observe that the difference between peak potentials ∆Ep is very small indicating reversible reaction.
Adding different ceftriaxone sodium salts drug to CaCl2 in 0.01M KNO3 complexation was observed from the negative sift in the two reduction wave ,appearance of new small peak for the complex formed and broad oxidation peak in the range between 0 to -0.35V indicating the oxidation of complex formed from the interaction of CaCl2 + ceftriaxone sodium salt. The thermodynamic parameters stability constants and Gibbs free energies of complexion for interaction of CaCl2 + ceftriaxone sodium salt drug were estimated and gave smaller value than that on using SrCl2 supporting processes between Ca+2 ions and ceftriaxone sodium salt drug .linear sweep voltammetry and open circuit voltammetry support the complex reaction between CaCl2 and ceftriaxone sodium salt. ii : Estimation of cyclic voltammetry parameters for CaCl2 and its application with blood samples in 0.1M KBr using gold working electrode. The appearance of catalytic calcium reduction wave at ~ 0.25V and other oxidation peak at ~ 0V which are sensitive to calcium ions can be used for the calcium analytical evaluation using gold working electrode in 0.1M KBr solution On drawing the relation between cathode peaks current for the catalytic calcium reduction wave and calcium ion concentration straight line was obtained which can be used for the quantitative estimation of calcium ions in solution using gold electrode cyclic voltammetrically. Effect of Scan rate was done .also the analytical estimation of calcium ions in some two blood samples were investigated and the data obtained and confirmed by other method (atomic absorption spectroscopy). Part 3: Estimation of cyclic voltammetry data for BaCl2 and their interaction with ceftriaxone sodium salt in 0.01M KNO3 using palladium working electrode. BaCl2 gave also similar waves as CaCl2 but with slight difference in peak potentials The two reduction waves happened at ~ 0.15V and ~ -0.25V for BaCl2 reduction, whereas the oxidation at ~ -0.25V and 0.25V straight lines relations between peak potentials and barium ions concentrations facilitating their use analytical for barium ions. Estimation stability constants and Gibbs free energies of complexation on reaction of BaCl2 with ceftriaxone sodium salt gave small data indicating that the interaction is small extent. Part 4: Estimation of the dissolved oxygen for SrCl2, CaCl2 in water The dissolved oxygen were measured distilled water, 0.1M SrCl2 and 0.1M CaCl2 In comprising between the values of the three samples we found that CaCl2 show better dissolved oxygen content than others facilitating its uses in fish farm.