الفهرس 
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Abstract
Two in-vivo experiments were conducted to measure the influence of ammonia (75 ppm) in 60 Hubbard broilers and the influence of water impurities (lead nitrate; 100 mg.L-1, E. coli O157: H7; 1.5 x 108 CFU.ml-1, magnesium sulfate; 75 mg.L-1, and ammonium chloride; 5 mg.L-1) in 150 Hubbard broilers on performance, biochemical profile, cortisol levels, intestinal bacterial load, and immunity. The challenges were applied for two h a week for three successive weeks from 14th days old. A total of 608 samples including 228 air, 190 sera, and 190 intestinal swabs were collected. The results showed highly significant improvements (P<0.01) in weight gains, feed intakes, and performance indices overall means, highly significant increases (P<0.01) in total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, cortisol, and total bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts, and highly significant declines (P<0.01) in alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, IgG, and IgM in most challenged broiler groups.
The third in-vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial actions of clay (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g) against E. coli 1.5 x 108 CFU.ml-1, as well as the adsorptive actions against ammonia (80 ppm), lead nitrate (350 mg.L-1), total hardness (2160 mg.L-1), and organic matter (31.5 mg.L-1) using minimal inhibitory concentration test at specified intervals (5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min). A total of 225 samples (45 samples/pollutant, 3 replicate × 3 clay weights × 5 intervals) were collected. The results revealed highly significant antimicrobial activities (P<0.01) against E. coli O157: H7 counts with 100% reduction/0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g clay/ 60 min. Highly significant reductions (P<0.01) were recorded in aerial ammonia, as well as, lead, hardness, and organic matter water concentrations with 0.5, 2.0, 2.0, and 0.5 g clay / 60 minutes with a reduction up to 4.5%, 41.7%, 41.6%, and 21.8%, respectively.