الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Infertility is a global issue that affects an estimated 15% of couples worldwide. Smoking and overweight/obesity are major risk factors that affect fertility in males. One of the correctable causes of male infertility is varicocele that is found in ~15% of general population and contributes to male primary and secondary infertility. The present study aimed to improve our understanding about the effect of smoking and/ or obesity on the semen parameters and testosterone/estradiol ratio in subfertile men with varicocele treated by subinguinal varicocelectomy.
This study had confirmed that varicocele is associated with the decrease of semen parameters as well as impairment of serum androgen pattern (i.e., testosterone to estradiol ratio), which is significantly improved after subinguinal varicocelectomy and the study also illustrated the detrimental effect of smoking and/ or obesity on the semen analysis parameters and hormonal profile post varicocelectomy.