الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 86 |  |  |
| | | from | 86 | | |
Abstract
Executive functions are mental processes which allow for flexible organization of information, planning, decision-making, and the incorporation and implementation of strategies towards obtaining a goal. In essence, these processes facilitate “intelligent thought, problem solving, and learning”.
Considering this, a delay in executive function – and thus problem- solving skills – may lead to academic and social difficulties.
The TOPS-3 Elementary is a diagnostic test of problem solving, critical thinking and reasoning for elementary students ages 6.0 through 12.11 years.
In the Arabic language, there is a deficiency in the tools used for diagnosis of problem solving and executive function deficits. Therefore, this work was dedicated towards adaptation and translation of Test of Problem Solving-3 Elementary (TOPS-3).
TOPS-3 consists of six subtests which are: making inferences, predicting, determining causes, sequencing, answering negative questions, and problem solving.
The Arabic version of the Test of Problem Solving-3 Elementary (TOPS-3) was carried on two groups:
group 1: consists of seventy school age children of both sexes between the age of six and twelve years old who are achieving normally in their schools and This will beconsidered as control group.
group 2: consists of seventy school age children matching the age of group 1 who suffer from learning difficulty and attending the Unit of Phoniatrics, in the outpatient clinic of Alexandria Main University Hospital.
In the present study, there was a statistical significant difference between group (1), and group (2) regarding all subtests of the Test of Problem Solving-3 Elementary and the total score.
Therefore, we concluded that the Arabic version of the Test of Problem Solving-3 Elementary is a reliable and valid tool.