الفهرس 
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Abstract
The phenomenon of historical trauma is prevalent among members of ethnic minorities who share a history of oppression, colonization, and genocide such as the Holocaust survivors, Native and African Americans, Palestinian youth, and many other cultural groups and communities. Historical trauma manifests itself in various ways, of which the most common are high rates of Alcohol abuse, suicide, domestic violence, and negative stereotypes within the afflicted communities. Healing historical trauma focuses primarily on repairing the traumatized communities’ self-image, as well as restoring their cultural pride and connection to their customs, beliefs, and traditions. This thesis explores the representation of trauma, especially historical trauma, in the works of the Native American writer, Leslie Marmon Silko. The study focuses on two of Silko’s novels: Ceremony (1977) and Almanac of the Dead (1991). Silko uses these two novels to show how contemporary Native Americans still suffer from the trauma of colonization, genocide, and dispossession experienced by their ancestors. The thesis also discusses the possible solutions proposed by Silko for working through such historical trauma.