الفهرس 
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Abstract
The peak factor (PF) is the percentage of the maximum flow to the average daily flow. In general, PF is one of the main factors that affect the design of sewer networks, pump stations and wastewater treatment plants. Resulting flowrate estimates are often much larger than actual flowrate, which may increase the cost of construction and operation of sewerage projects. A critical need in improved design of a sewer system is required based on more accurate estimation of design average and maximum flowrates for each unit in a proposed sewerage system. In this study, PF equations were developed for Delta and Upper Egypt regions that have various populations range and water consumption. Ten years of real flow data from communities (Delta from 2006 to 2016 and Upper Egypt from 2008 to 2018) was collected and analyzed to develop new equations of PF that could be used for Delta, Upper Egypt and for similar regions. Results revealed that a considerable decrease in the values of actual and calculated PF for studied communities compared to estimated values by code equations and previous studies. The PF declines with increasing population. It is quite interesting to notice that the PFs estimated using the empirical equations from previous studies lie above the PF calculated using the developed formula and above the actual PF. The developed equations as function of flowrate also show that, the PF declines with increasing population. The derived values of PF for all communities in this study are smaller than the values estimated by Ben Moltoun and Gaines equations. A case study was conducted to estimate the cost/benefit of using developed equation of PF. The analysis only was to show savings in capital and operational costs. The capital cost has been decreased by an average of 15 % after applying the developed equation to estimate PF compared to the estimated values by code equation, moreover, the operational cost of pumps declined by about 45 %.