الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Phacoemulsification (phaco) is one of the most widely used cataract surgery techniques nowadays. Various factors can influence the tissue structures of the eyeball eg. Ultrasonic energy, fluidics, mechanical effects, compression, and hypoxia on the tissue. Every step of this maneuver can cause direct or indirect effects on ocular tissues.
Ultrasonic energy and fluidics produce mechanical effects that cause an inflammatory reaction which affects cornea, retina and choroid.
Surgical trauma and release of prostaglandin, may increase the permeability and leakage of the perifoveal capillaries, which if severe enough, leads to pooling in the outer layers of the central retina.. Fluid accumulation disturbs cell function and retinal configuration.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a medical diagnostic noninvasive, noncontact imaging modality which performs high-resolution, micron-scale, cross-sectional, or tomographic imaging of vitreous, retinal, and choroidal structure that cannot be obtained by any other noninvasive diagnostic technique.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of phacoemulsification on retina to compare these effects in diabetic and non-diabetic patient to reach a conclusion whether diabetic patient are more vulnerable to these effects or not.
In this study we evaluated and compared central macular thickness changes using Spectral Domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) before and after cataract surgery ( at one day day , week and one month post operatively) and compared the results between normal and diabetic patients without retinopathy.