الفهرس 
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Abstract
This thesis was divided in to four chapters, each of which can be summarized: Chapter I: Introduction : The main points of this chapter can be recapitulated as follow: A) General introduction about pollution and different pollutants which have harmful effects on the human body. Also, it includes the importance and the main advantages of determination and monitoring of these pollutants (Cd2+ metal, TOP, SOF and PFF) by different electrochemical techniques. Chapter II: Literature survey. This chapter includes a full literature survey about different electrochemical methods for determination of various pollutants that depending on imprinting technique. The different points that have been concerned in this chapter. ⦁ The importance, effects and determination methods of different pharmaceutical ingredients (TOP and SOF), organophosphorous pesticide (PFF) and heavy metal (Cd2+). ⦁ Different technologies such as gas chromatography (GC), high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric method have been employed for the recognition and determination of these pollutants. ⦁ Several approaches for the preparation of imprinting polymers include (i- trapping of non-functionalized ligand inside the polymer network. ii- chemical immobilization iii- crosslinking of linear chain polymers. iv- surface imprinting). ⦁ Different electrochemical techniques for determination of different pollutants. ⦁ Determination and recognition of different pharmaceutical ingredients, organophosphorous pesticides and heave metals by using electrochemical methods that depends on imprinting techniques. ⦁ Aim of the work : Chapter III: Experimental. The sources of different chemical reagent and instruments apparatus were stated. These instruments employed for the investigation of imprinted polymers are described including Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-Ray Analysis. Furthermore, gas chromatograph spectrometry, and atomic absorption spectrophotometer were used the determination of template. Moreover, this chapter describes the processing and details of analytical method which have been done in this work as the follow: ⦁ Preparation of different solutions such as metal ions (ex: Cu2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+,….etc.) , PFF, TOP, SOF, buffers and ligand. ⦁ Preparation of molecular imprinted polymers for PFF, SOF, and TOP as different templates. ⦁ Preparation of ion imprinted polymer for cadmium ion. ⦁ Fabrication of different voltammetric and potentiometric sensors using glassy carbon electrode. ⦁ Investigation of the different parameters (ex: pH, scan rate, leaching time, incubation time, response time...etc.) for the optimization of determination and recognition of different template ion or molecules. ⦁ Pre-treatment of water, vegetable samples, pharmaceutical tablets and real blood samples. Chapter IV: Results and discussion. This chapter is divided into four parts: Part 1: characterization and electrochemical determination of TOP. FTIR, scanning electron microscope analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis were used for confirmation the proposed structure of the imprinted and non-imprinted polymers of the TOP template. Then, the recognition and determination of TOP were elaborated by using voltammetric and potentiometric sensors that depend on imprinting polymers using a glassy carbon electrode. After that, the proposed procedures of voltammetric and potentiometric techniques have been successfully applied for the recognition and determination of TOP molecules in pharmaceutical tablets and blood samples. Part 2 : characterization and electrochemical determination of SOF. After the formation of the imprinted and non-imprinted polymers of the SOF template, the structure of these polymers was characterized by energy dispersive X-ray analysis, FTIR, and scanning electron microscope analysis. Depending on the voltammetric and potentiometric techniques, the MIP was used for modification of the glassy carbon electrode and recognition of SOF template after examined the different parameters (ex: pH, scan rate, leaching time, response time...etc.) that affect on the determination of SOF. Moreover, the proposed sensors were utilized for the determination of SOF from real blood samples, and pharmaceutical tablets. Part 3: characterization and electrochemical determination of PFF. The imprinted and non-imprinted polymers of PFF were confirmed by different analysis (FTIR, and scanning electron microscope). After modification of the surface of GCE by imprinted polymers, different parameters (ex: pH, scan rate, leaching time, incubation time, response time...etc.) effect on the determination of PFF by voltammetric and potentiometric techniques were tested. Also, the proposed sensors were applied for the determination of PFF in wastewater and plant samples (cucumber and lettuce leaves samples). Part 4: characterization and electrochemical determination of Cd2+ After the formation complex between Cd2+and ethyl 6-(allyloxy)-2-amino-4-phenyl-4H-benzo[f]chromene-3-carboxylate (Chelating ligand), it was incorporated in the polymeric matrix, and the structure confirmed by FTIR, scanning electron microscope analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. After that, the polymer modifies the GCE and recognition Cd2+ ion was elaborated by using voltammetric and potentiometric methods after examined various parameters (ex: pH, scan rate, leaching time, response time...etc.) that affect the determination process were tested. Finally, the proposed procedures of voltammetric and potentiometric techniques have been successfully applied for the recognition and determination of cadmium ions in human hair and blood samples.