الفهرس 
List of ContentsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 109 |  |  |
| | | from | 109 | | |
Abstract
Nicotine (NIT) is a pharmacologically active and addictive alkaloid component of the cigarette smoking, and it effects on male reproductive system and fertility. Within the body, NIT is oxidized to its metabolite cotinine, and both the NIT and the cotinine adversely affected spermatogenesis, epididymal sperm count, motility, and the fertilizing potential of sperms. On the other hand, several beneficial therapeutic effects of the graviola leaves extract (GLE) have been experimentally documented which include improvement in biochemical and hematological parameters. This study was designed to investigate the possible protective and treatment effects of GLE on testis toxicity induced by NIT at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg bw for a month. The experiment was carried out on 30 male albino rats weighing about 160 g. Rats were classified into five groups randomly as follow:- Normal control animals received distilled water. Graviola leaves extract (GLE) group that orally received only aqueous GLE at dose 200 mg/kg bw for a month. Nicotine (NIT) group that subcutaneously injected with NIT at dose 0.6 mg/kg bw for a month. Graviola + Nicotine group received GLE for a month as in group 2 then NIT for another month as in group 3. Nicotine + Graviola group received NIT for a month as in group 3 then GLE for another month as in group 2. The obtained results of the present study could be summarized as follow:- I- Biochemical and histological alterations induced by injection of NIT: Subcutaneous injection of NIT (0.6 mg/kg ) for a month in male rats induced the following changes in the investigated parameters: Significant decrease in body and testis weight. Significant decrease in hematological parameters as Hb, RBCs and PLTs as well as a significant increase in WBCs. Significant increase in lipid profile as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a significant decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Significant decrease in male hormones FSH, LH and Testosterone. Significant decrease semen parameters as sperm concentration, activity count and sperm motility. Significant increase in testis oxidative stress markers as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Significant decrease in testis antioxidant system as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, and glutathione (GSH) content. Increase in the percent of apoptotic markers as p53. - Increase in the percent of pro-inflammatory markers as COX. - The histological observations revealed that testis transverse section of NIT-treated rats showing different degree of damage of seminiferous tubules such as a disorder of systemic arrangement of the stages of spermatogenesis, loss of one or more stages of spermatogenesis and few number of Leydig cells were appeared. II- Beneficial effects of administration of GLE on NIT induced biochemical and histopathological alterations: Oral administration of GLE (200 mg/kg) for 1 month in male rats treated with NIT resulted in beneficial effects in the investigated parameters: Significant amelioration in the body and testis weight. Significant enhancement in hematological parameters and lipid profile. Significant increase in male hormones FSH, LH and T. Significant amelioration in semen analysis parameters. Significant decrease of testis oxidative stress markers as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Improvement in testis antioxidant defense system Amelioration in the percent of apoptotic markers as p53. 10- Decrease of the level of pro-inflammatory markers as COX-2. 11- Amelioration in the histological observations. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present results suggested that NIT decreases serum testosterone level and have deleterious effect on the male reproductive organ and histology of albino rats. This study indicated that GLE may possess a protective effect against NIT-induced impaired testicular functions in rats. GLE alleviated the reduction in sperm motility, viability, count, morphology, serum hormone levels and the histopathological degenerations of the testes that were observed in NIT treated rats. So, the administration of GLE after NIT injected to rats as a treatment is more effective than GLE administration before NIT injected to rats as a protective agent.