الفهرس 
Review of LiteratureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Conflict is a constant variable in one’s personal life and professional life. With the increasingly diversified workforce, conflicts occur more often. Conflict in the nursing profession has been recognized as a significant issue, and was related to low emotional intelligence, role ambiguity, communication problems, poor work environments, and lack of organizational support. While functional conflict can help an organization make necessary changes, dysfunctional conflict bears negative results. Nursing students are exposed to various types of conflicts while studying at the university. Their conflict resolution strategies and their resilience to such conflicts may be influenced by many factors, including culture and ethnicity.
The aim of the study was to investigate conflict management styles used by nursing students with different cultures and their perception regarding resilience. This was achieved through identifying the types of conflict among nursing students from different cultures, Identifying conflict management styles among nursing students from different cultures, assessing resilience among nursing students from different cultures, and comparing between the different cultures of students regarding conflict types, conflict management styles and resilience.
The study was conducted at the Faculty of Nursing affiliated to the Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI) using a cross-sectional analytic design. The sample consisted of 162 Egyptian students and 54 Nigerians. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire with the conflict mode instrument to assess the types of conflict and their management styles, and a resilience questionnaire. These are two standardized tools with documented validity and reliability. The tool was finalized after pilot-testing. The fieldwork lasted from 1 October to 31 December 2019.
The main study findings were as following.
• Egyptian and Nigerian nursing students had almost equal median age, with more males among Egyptians (p=0.01), while more Nigerian students had technical pre-university education (p=0.03), and were married (p<0.001).
• The highest type of conflict among the nursing students in both groups was the interpersonal type.
• All types of conflict were significantly higher among Egyptian students except the inter-group type.
• In total, 89.5% of the Egyptian students were having high conflict compared with 64.8% of the Nigerian ones (p<0.001).
• The inter-group type was the most predominantly reported among Egyptians, compared to inter-personal type among Nigerians (p=0.01).
• The most commonly used conflict management styles among Egyptians were the compromising and competing (99.4%), while Nigerians mostly used the collaborating, compromising, and avoiding (98.1%).
• The use of competing style was higher among Egyptian students compared with Nigerians (p<0.001).
• The collaborating style was the most predominantly used among Egyptians (23.5%) and the Nigerians (24.1%), with no statistically significant difference (p=0.48).
• In both Egyptian and Nigerian nursing students, the ability to bounce back was the lowest dimension of resilience, whereas the individual was the highest.
• Significantly more Egyptian students were having high reflective/adaptive academic resilience (p=0.008) and peer support individual resilience (p=0.003) compared with the Nigerian students.
• Slightly more Nigerian nursing students had high total resilience (87.0%) in comparison with Egyptians (81.5%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.35).
• In multivariate analysis:
o Being Nigerian was a negative predictor of the:
- Accommodating, compromising, and competing styles;
- Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and intragroup conflict types.
o Being in a higher semester was a negative predictor of the:
- Accommodating, collaborating styles;
Intrapersonal, intergroup, and intragroup conflict types;
- Resilience.
o Work during study was a:
- Positive predictor of the:
Accommodating and collaborating styles;
Intergroup conflict type;
- Negative predictor of resilience.
In conclusion, the nursing students in the study setting have high experience of conflict, especially interpersonal type. The compromising conflict management style is the most commonly used, and the level of resilience is mostly high. Differences between Egyptian and Nigerian students indicate that different cultures could influence the type of conflict and its management style.
The study recommends more emphasis on the topics of management of conflict using constructive strategies, as well resilience in undergraduate and postgraduate nursing curricula. Training and summer courses for Egyptian and international students is suggested. The faculty members and school administration should demonstrate neutrality in judging conflict between Egyptian and international students. Nurse educators should ensure a healthy learning environment, and encourage a sense of clinical and classroom community.
Further research is proposed to examine the effectiveness of training in resilience on experience of conflict and its proper management.