الفهرس 
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Abstract
The liver is the largest gland in the body, characterized by multiple functions categorized broadly as synthetic, catabolic, detoxifying, secretory, and excretory organ.
Liver disease is the major threats to public health and one of a worldwide problem which leads to great losses to live-stock production and national income due to disposal of great amounts of the liver in slaughterhouses.
The most important affection of the liver includes Hydatidosis, fascioliasis, liver abscess, liver lipidosis, and tumors.
The main objective of this study to throw clinical, biochemical, and ultrasonographic diagnosis of liver affection in sheep in addition to the evaluation of the ultrasound tool to detect liver affections.
The present study included the total number 120 sheep of both sexes, aged from 2 to 4 years. The suggested design of the study was an examination of the selected animals clinically, biochemically, and ultrasonographically. all clinical parameters are illustrated on the examination card such as temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate, and all changes in M.M, LN, appetite, consistency of feces.
In all animals, hepatic ultrasonographic examination was done in standing position on the right side of the abdomen by using 3.5, 5.0 convex transducers.
In all animals, blood samples were collected from jugular vein then serum harvested and testing for AST, CPK, GGT, TP, albumin, and bilirubin by using commercial tests.
Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum in a clean labeled dry plastic bag with for detection of internal parasites by using direct smear and sedimentation flotation techniques. No eggs observed during fecal analysis.
Based on ultrasonographic examination, animals classified into five groups healthy control ( n= 70), liver abscesses ( n=12), liver lipidosis (n= 13), liver stone ( n= 18), and liver cyst ( n= 7).
There are non-significant changes observed in temperature, pulse rate, and respiratory rate in all liver affection groups compared to the control group.
Ultrasonography, sheep with liver cysts showed rounded, anechoic, and unilocular structure with increased echogenicity of liver parenchyma with increase liver angle , liver thickness, and decrease GB circumference . In addition, sheep with fatty infiltration showed increased echogenicity of the liver may be due to diffuse fat deposition in the hepatocytes leads to hyperechoic foci distributed all over hepatic parenchyma compared with control ones with liver angle, liver thickness, and decrease caudal vena cava. Furthermore, sheep with liver abscesses showed increased liver echogenicity with variable size miliary abscess distributed all over the liver parenchyma without distal acoustic shadowing with significant increase in diameter of portal vein. Elsewhere, sheep with liver stone showed rounded calcified hyperechoic stone with distal acoustic shadowing with increase of portal vein diameter and increase liver thickness.
Biochemically, The main results obtained in this present study could be summarized as following:-
Biochemical analysis
1- Total proteins (TP)
TP showed a significant increases in liver abscess group and a significant decreases in fatty infiltration group and liver cyst.
2- Albumins
Albumins showed a significant increases in liver abscesses group and a significant decreases in liver lipidosis group and liver cyst.
3- Globulins
Globulins showed a significant increases in liver abscesses and fatty infiltration groups.
4- Albumin /Globulin ratio (A/G ratio)
A/G ratio showed significant decrease in fatty infiltration and liver cyst groups.
5- Total bilirubins (TB)
TB showed a significant increases in liver stone and liver cyst groups
6- Direct bilirubin
Direct bilirubins showed a significant increases in liver stones and liver cyst groups
7- Indirect bilirubins
Indirect bilirubin showed a significant decrease in the liver cyst groups.
8- Aspartate amino-transferase (AST)
AST showed significant increases in all liver affection group except sheep with liver abscesses.
9- Gamma-glutamyl transfererase (GGT)
GGT showed significant increases in all liver affection groups except those suffered from hepatic stones.