الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried out during the two successive season of 2019 and 2020 on Zaghloul date palm. The palms were grown at the experimental orchard Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt, where the soil has a clay texture.
Fifteen palms 25 years old, were selected under drip irrigation system, planted at 7x7 meter apart and were uniform, at similar age free of insect, damage and diseases. All the routine agro-technical operations were carried out according to the traditional schedule for date palm plantation. The leaf/bunch ratio was adjusted at the value of 8:1 for all experimental palms.
The treatments set up in completely randomized block design (CRBD) in split-plot arrangement with three replicate4s, one palm each on the main plot and one bunch on sub-plots. The main and sub-plots were the different sources of potassium fertilization and amino acid as well as growth regulators spraying, respectively.
The main plots (A) included the five treatment of potassium fertilization as follow:
A1-Control (applying the recommended potassium dose).
A2-Spraying with vinasse (2% potassium) at 4.5 L per palm.
A3-Adding nano-potassium sulphate at 75 g per palm.
A4-Spraying with nano-potassium sulphate at 35 g per palm.
A5-Spraying with potassin (30% potassium) at 300 ml per palm.
All treatments were applied after fruit set and 30 days after fruit set.
The sub plots (B) involved the following eight of amino acids, ethephon and ProTone application as follows:
B1-Spraying amino acid at 20g/L at tow time the 1st time on April (immediately after fruit set) and the 2nd time on may (at 30 days of after fruit set)
B2-Spraying 400 ppm ethephon at Beginning of coloring
B3-Spraying 300 ppm of ProTone (10%ABA) at Beginning of coloring
B4-Spraying 400 ppm ethephone + amino acid at 20g/L
B5-Spraying 300 ppm of ProTone + amino acid at 20g/L
B6-Spraying 400ppm ethephone + 300 ppm ProTone
B7-Spraying 400ppm ethephone + 300 ppm ProTone + amino acid at 20g/L
B8-Control (spraying with water).
Solution of amino acids, ethephon and ProTone concentration were prepared with distilled water and then sprayed as per the specified date.
The bunches were harvested when the fruit reached full maturity and the following traits were measured.
The following measurements were taken on the selected palm trees
1- Yield components.
2- Fruit quality.
The nearly obtained results during the two studied seasons could be summarized as follow:
1- Yield components:
All foliar application of amino acids at 10 g/L, ethephon at 400 ppm, ProTone (10% ABA) at 300 ppm singly or combined significantly increased fruit retention percentage, bunch weight, and consequently yield/palm compared with the untreated ones (control). The highest fruit retention, bunch weight and yield/palm were detected on palms that, sprayed with amino acids followed by amino acids combined with ethephon or ABA. On other contrary, the least fruit retention and lightest bunch weight and yield/palm were recorded on untreated palm (check treatment). Other studied treatments occupied an intermediate position in this connection. No significant differences were observed in fruit retention, bunch weight and yield/palm due to spray amino acids singly or in combination of ethephon or ProTone (ABA).
Fertilized Zaghloul date palm with potassium either via nano potassium, vinasse or potassin was responsible to produce the highest fruit retention and consequently the heavy bunch weight and yield/palm compared to use potassium via mineral-K as potassium sulphate (check treatment). The significantly higher value of these studied yield components was recorded due to use nano-potassium sulphae (nano-K). On other contrarily, the least fruit retention percentage and lightest bunch weight and yield/palm were detected on palms that fertilized by potassium sulphate (check treatment). No significant differences were observed in these studied traits due to nano-K, vinasse or potassin used.
The highest values were obtained on palm that spray with amino acids, combined nano-K application (A3B1) or potassin spraying (A5B1) compared to other combinations. Moreover, all combinations of amino acids and nano-K application or potassin spraying gave the highest values in this respect.No significant differences due to fertilize via nano-potassium, vinasse or potassin along spray with amino acids singly or combined with ethephon or ProTone.
As, an overview, the results declared that combination effects significantly increased the yield components than increment due to individual effects of either fertilization treatments or spraying treatments.
Such findings might be due to the nano fertilization technique as well as amino acids as antioxidants improving the availability and uptake of nutrients that lead to increase efficiency of them and induce improving the fruit retention since that decreasing the fruit DROP during the growth seasons and consequently increase the productivity of date palm.
So, it could be concluded that using vinasse or nano-potassium combined amino acids spraying was beneficial improvement productivity of Zaghloul date palm. In addition, it reduce the need mineral potassium fertilizer and decrease the cost of production as well as was very useful in reducing environmental pollution.
2- Fruit quality:
A- Physical properties:
All foliar application of amino acids at 10 g/L, ethephon at 400 ppm, ProTone (10% ABA) at 300 ppm singly or combined significantly increased the fruit weight, flesh percentage and fruit dimensions (cm) compared to untreated ones (check treatment). The results also showed that the positive effect on length and diameter of fruits took the same effects.
The highest fruit weight, flesh percentage and fruit dimension were recorded due to spray with amino acids followed by amino acids combined with ethephon or ProTone. On other hand, the least of these studied fruit traits were detected on untreated ones (check treatment). Other studied treatment occupied an intermediate position in this connection. No significant differences were observed in fruit weight, flesh percentage and fruit dimensions due to spray amino acid singly or in combination of ethephon or ProTone (ABA). The heaviest fruit weight as well as the highest dimensions and flesh percentage were recorded on dates of bunches that sprayed with amino acids at 10 g/L (B1).
These finding emphasized the importance of using amino acids that improved the physical fruit properties. Thus, it could be concluded that spraying the Zaghloul bunches with amino acids twice during the growth season to get good fruit quality.
Using either nano-K, vinasse or potassin significantly improved fruit quality in terms of increasing fruit weight, dimension and flesh percentage compared to fertilize by the recommended doses of potassium via potassium sulphat (check treatment).
Using vinasse or nano-K gave the maximum values of physical fruit properties compared to fertilize by potassium sulpahte (check treatment). On other hand, the least values of physical fruit traits were recorded due to check treatment.
These effects are very important in dates production since the increasing of fruit weight and size are the most important target that induce an increase in packable yield and price.
All combined spraying amino acids with fertilized by vinasse or nano-K spraying significantly increases the fruit weight, flesh percentage and fruit dimension compared to check treatment (A1B1). Moreover, all combination of spraying amino acids was most effective in physical fruit quality i.e. fruit weight, flesh percentage and fruit dimension. On other hand, the minimum values of fruit traits were recorded in fruit of palm that unsprayed and fertilized by potassium sulphate (check treatment, A1B8). Other combination of spraying amino acids plus ethephon or ProTone compained fertilized by nano-K application or potassin gave the intermediate values of these studied fruit traits. No significant differences due to fertilize via nano-potassim, vinasse or potassin along spray with amino acids singly or combined with ethephon or ProTone.
As, an overview, the results declared that combination effects significantly increased the yield components than increment due to individual effects of either fertilization treatments or spraying treatments.
Such findings might be due to the nano fertilization technique as well as amino acids as antioxidants improving the availability and uptake of nutrients as well as increasing protein and carbohydrates formation and function that lead to increase fruit growth and induce improving the fruit weight and size since that increasing the fruit growth and consequently increase the productivity of date palm.
So, it could be concluded that using Nano potassin or potassin combined amino acids spraying was beneficial improvement productivity of Zaghloul date palm. In addition, it reduce the need mineral potassium fertilizer and decrease. The cost of production as well as was very useful in reducing environmental pollution.
B- Chemical fruit juice constituents
All foliar application of amino acids at 10 g/L, ethephon at 400 ppm, ProTone (10% ABA) at 300 ppm singly or combined significantly improved the chemical fruit juice constituents in terms of increasing total soluble solids, sugar contents and anthocyanin of skin fruits and decreasing the total acidity and tannin contents compared to untreated ones (check treatment). As well as, it could be seen that total soluble solids (TSS) was equivalent to total sugars and anthocyanin contents and reversed with total acidity and total tannins.
The highest TSS, sugars and anthocyanin contents and least values of total acidity and tannins % were recorded due to spray with amino acids followed by amino acids combined with ethephon or ProTone. On other hand, the highest values of total acidity and tannins percentage and least values of other least of chemical juice constituents were detected on untreated ones (check treatment). Other studied treatment occupied an intermediate position in this connection. No significant differences were observed in these chemical fruit constituents were seen due to spray amino acid singly or in combination of ethehpon or ProTone (ABA). The highest values of TSS, sugar contents and anthocyanin content were recorded on dates of bunches that sprayed with ethephon and ProTone (B6).
These finding emphasized the importance of using ethephon or ProTone (ABA) that improved the chemical constituents properties. Thus, it could be concluded that spraying the Zaghloul bunches with ethephon or ProTone at beginning of coloring to get good fruit quality.
Using either nano-K, vinasse or potassin significantly improved fruit quality in terms of increasing total soluble solids, sugar and anthocyanin contents of fruit skin and decreasing total acidity and tannin contents.
Using potassin gave the maximum values total soluble solids, sugar and anthocyanin contents and least values of total acidity and tannin contents compared to fertilize by potassium sulphate (check treatment). On other hand, the least values of TSS, sugar and anthocyanin contents and highest values of total acidity and tannins contents were recorded due to check treatment.
On other hand, the highest values of total acidity percentage and tannin content recorded on fruit from checked palm that fertilized with recommended potassium via potassium sulphate, whereas the lowest values recorded on dates that harvested from sprayed with potassin (A4).
All combined spraying ethephon or ProTone singly or together amino with fertilized by potassin or nano-K spraying significantly improved the chemical fruit quality in terms of increasing total soluble solids, sugar and fruit skin anthocyanin contents and decreasing the total acidity and total tannin contents compared to check treatment (A1B1). Moreover, all combination of spraying ethephon or ProTone was most effective in chemical fruit quality i.e. fruit total soluble solids, sugar and anthocyanin content as well as total acidity and tannin contents. On other hand, the minimum values of TSS, sugar and anthocyanin content and highest values of total acidity and tannins were recorded in fruit of palm that unsprayed and fertilized by potassium sulphate (check treatment, A1B8). Other combination of spraying amino acids plus ethephon or ProTone compained fertilized by vinasse gave the intermediate values of these studied fruit traits.
No significant differences due to fertilize via potassin, nano-potassim or vinasse along spray with singly or combined of ethephon or ProTone as well as amino acids combined with ethephon and ProTone. As, an overview, the results declared that combination effects significantly increased the chemical fruit juice constituents than increment due to individual effects of either fertilization treatments or spraying treatments.
Such findings might be due to the nano fertilization technique as well as ethephon or ProTone improving the formation and function of ProTone, fats and carbohydrates as well as growth regulators i.e. ethephon or basic acid (ABA) that improve the coenzymes and qualitative aspects of production such as colour, taste and consequently enhanced the fruit ripening and improve their quality. These effects are very important in dates production since the improvement in dates quality is the most important target that induce an increase in packable yield and price.
So, it could be concluded that using nano-potassium or potassin combined ethephon, ProTone singly or combined with amino acids spraying was beneficial improvement productivity of Zaghloul date palm. In addition, it reduces the need mineral potassium fertilizer and decreasethe cost of production as well as was very useful in reducing environmental pollution.