الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 127 |  |  |
| | | from | 127 | | |
Abstract
The etiology of skeletal malocclusion is yet unclear. Skeletal malocclusions show a diverse range of environmental dependence, with Mendelian phenotypes often being less susceptible to the environment than complex traits. The roles of, and crosstalk between genes and environment during craniofacial development and morphogenesis has been a subject of discussion for many years. The role of osteoclasts as a determinant of avian beak length was previously reported after significantly higher tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, an indicator of osteoclast activity was observed in developing small-beaked quails compared to large-billed ducks.We hypothesized that the alteration of osteoclast number in utero may affect the mandibular length of adult mice.