الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 155 |  |  |
| | | from | 155 | | |
Abstract
The present study was aimed to compare the toxicity of dill (Anethum graveolens L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) essential oils ( EOs ), lambdacyhalothrin, and spinosad insecticides on Tribolium castaneum Herbst, Oryzaephilus surinamensis L and Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. GC-MS analysis showed that A. graveolens, T. vulgaris, and M. fragrans contain 17, 45, and 29 identified compounds, respectively. The most dominant components are dillapiole (44.01%), di-limonene (19.47%), and carvotanacetone (13.03%) in A. graveolen; estragole (15.30%(, γ-terpinene (14.49%), and thymol (10.80%) in T. vulgaris; safrole (14.93%(, α- terpinolene (14.65%), and elemicin (14.62%), in M. fragrans EO. Contact and fumigant methods were used to evaluate the toxic effects of the tested EOs and insecticides. Results showed that A. graveolens and T. vulgaris were the most effective after lambdacyhalothrin and spinosad insecticides (contact ) against T. castaneum, O. surinamensis and C. maculatus followed by M. fragrans. A. graveolens killed T. castaneum, O. surinamensis and C. maculatus adults faster than T. vulgaris and M. fragrans. Results of joint toxic effect after 24 h showed no enhancement from mixing EOs at LC25 levels as the only effect is additive but results of joint effect after 48 h showed enhancement from mixing A. graveolens and T. vulgaris EOs as the effects givin was potentiation. A. graveolens and T. vulgaris showed the highest effect on biological parameters of oviposition and development. Oils and insecticides tested showed different effects on biochemical parameters of total protein concentrations, activity of acetylcholineserase (AChE), and activity of general esterases. They showed inhibition effects on AChE which were depending on the concentration tested.