الفهرس 
List of abbreviationsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The main reason for giving fluids during resuscitation is to increase the stressed circulatory blood volume, increasing the mean circulatory filling pressure to rise and increases the venous blood flow towards the heart.(187) In 1861 Thomas Graham investigated and classified substances into crystalloids and colloids depending on their ability to diffuse through a parchment membrane. Intravenous fluids are similarly classified based on their ability to pass through capillary walls that separate the intravascular and interstitial compartments.(10) Plasma expanders are substances with relatively high molecular weight, which when infused into the blood stream, they remain there long enough to augment the circulatory volume.(219) Recently, it was found that Mortality did not significantly differ for crystalloids versus colloids (23.6% for crystalloids vs. colloids 26% by day 28) and (by day 90 were 31.2% vs. 31.7% respectively). Renal replacement therapy was required for 11.8% patients with crystalloids vs. 12.7% with colloids therapy.(219) While Among critically ill adults, the use of balanced crystalloids resulted in a lower rate of death, renal-replacement therapy, or persistent renal dysfunction than the use of saline.(109) Only about 50 % of hemodynamically unstable patients are volume responders; the concept of aggressive fluid resuscitation has evolved into the concept of Fluid Responsiveness; which is defined as an increase in stroke volume of at least 10–15 % after a fluid bolus.