الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetic type two is a dangerous disease that is discriminates in by abnormalality
of insulin resistance and unusual immune sense. An history and also genetically variables
could plays an function in the beginning of disease and its complications related to T2DM
where immunity of cells produce small number of cytokines that has a side effect on
T2DMM. increase blood content of cytokines such as IL-66 with innate immunity , IL-
18 and for subjects with type 2 diabetes and associated complications, TNF-a was
published.. The main methods for treatment of diabetes include exercise, diet, insulin and the
use of oral hypoglycemic agents. In addition to being expensive, currently available
synthetic anti-diabetic agents cause significant side effects and require daily dosing.
Nanotechnology is a promising approach to the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases.
Nanomaterials have attracted much attention due to their unusual physicochemical
properties, besides their nanosize and high surface to volume ratio; nanomaterials can
possess electronic, optical or magnetic properties. These properties make them ideal
candidates for biomedical applications, therefore, the second half of the 20th century
witnessed the birth of the first generation of marketed nanomedicine, and their use is
varying between diagnosis and therapy. we explore the anti-diabetic effects of one metal-
based nanoparticle; superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of superparamagnetic iron
oxide nanoparticles on the inflammatory pathway inexperimental model of type 2 diabetes
mellitus. Estimation of this inflammatory pathway will include the determination of the
gene expression of fetuin A, toll-similar to receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor kabba B
(NF-kB) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in liver tissue in HFD/STZ-diabetic
rats compared to the metformin drug. The study was conducted on 60 male albino rats 2 months old. Diabetes produced
through feeds rats wioth diet contain a high lipids then injected with STZA, after two days
of treatment , rats has FBS more tjan 200 mg/ml are selected for study. Animals were
classified into two groups; group I (Control group): Consist of 10 healthy male rats that
Summary and Conclusions
83 received any type of treatment and group II (Diabetic group): Consist of 50 diabetic
male rats that will be subdivided into 3 subgroups; untreated group: Consist of 10
untreated diabetes rats, metformin take group: Consist of 10 diabetes rats were take
metformin in a dose of 200 mg/ml, SPIONs treated group: Consist of 30 diabetic rats that
were intravenously treated with difference doses of SPION-PEG2000 (22, 44, and 66 μg
Fe/kg, 10 rats for each dose) once a week for four weeks. At the end of treatment period, rats in all studied groups were overnight fasting,
blood were taken from the retro-orbital veins for assessment of serum glucose, insulin and
lipid profile then all rats were scarified by deep anesthesia. Liver was dissected out to
determine gene expression of fetuin A, toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor kabba B
(NFκB), and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP 1B). Our research shows that metformin has a double anti-inflammatory and anti-
hyperglycemic role that could lead to its therapeutic advantage over other therapies for
T2DM. Significant decreases in fasting blood sugar, HOMA-IR, TC and TGs indicate the
anti-diabetic effects of metformin in HFD/STZ diabetic rats.And the anti-inflammatory
effects, since the gene expression of NF-ßB, fetuin A and TLR4 decreases significantly,
which contributes to an increase in insulin sensitivity, whereas the gene expression of
PP1B decreases significantly. Supermagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) exhibits a dual anti-
hyperglycaemic (through normalization of glucose and insulin levels, lipid parameters and
increase insulin sensitivity by the reduction of PP1B expression) and anti-inflammatory
(mediated by reduction of hepatic fetuin A, TLR4 and NFκB expression) effects that play
an important role as anti-diabetic treatment. The dose were be used NPS generate anti-
hyperglycaemic effects similar to metformin but have a stronger anti-infilmmatory effects,
specially at dose 44 μmolFe/kg (showed the best effects), however, the highest dose 66
μmolFe/kg has few effects, which may be due to hepatotoxicities and can exacerbate the
diabetic condition. So, another study must carried to avoid the higher doses of PIONs for
studying its metabolic effects. Also, using another PIONs with the difference envelopment
may be more safe than PEG.
Summary and Conclusions
84
from the above-mentioned discussion, we can conclude that:
1- It is clear that SPIONs are a strong lowers of glucose and fats agent that have a
important role in therapy of diabetes type two. 2- PIONs exhibits anti-inflammatory effects mediated by reduction of hepatic fetuin
A, TLR4 and NFκB expression. 3- PIONs doses used in thesis produce anti-diabetic effects similar to metformin but
has a stronger anti-infilmmatory effects. 4- Another study must carried to avoid the higher doses of PIONs for studying its
metabolic effects. 5- Using another PIONs with the difference envelopment may be more safe than PEG.