الفهرس 
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Abstract
The liver performs diverse functions essential for life. Liver directly receives, processes and stores materials absorbed from the digestive tract. The liver is also the main organ of detoxification and is the site of metabolic conversion of endogenous and exogenous compounds.
Herbal medicines have been used extensively in the past decades for the treatment of many diseases. Indeed, natural products remain as important sources of lead structures for the development of many drugs. This is because of the minimized side-effects of such drugs.
The current study aims to assess the hepatoprotective effect of Plantago psyllium extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity and its role in alleviation of lipid peroxidation and restoration of NFκB protein and liver enzymes activities.
Thu we take five groups divided as following:
group I (Normal healthy control): rats received olive oil per orally twice a week for the whole period of the experiment.
group II (CCl4-intoxicated group): rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride intraperitoneally (0.8 ml/kg bodyweight CCl4/olive oil, 3 days/week) for 9 weeks to induce chronic liver injury
group III (silymarin-treated group): rats received 0.8 ml/kg body weight CCl4/olive oil per orally for 9 weeks along with a daily oral dose of silymarin (100 mg/kg of bodyweight).
group IV (PSE-treated group): Rats were given CCl4 as in group II and a daily dose of PSE (100 mg/kg bodyweight, in olive oil).
group V (PHM-treated group): Rats were given CCl4 as in group II and a daily dose of PSE (100 mg/kg bodyweight, in olive oil).
Ethanol extract of Psyllium extract was evaluated for hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities in rats. The plant extract showed a remarkable hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity as judged from the serum marker enzymes and antioxidant levels in liver tissues.CCl4-induced a significant rise in aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin when compared with CCl4-treated group and no significant difference when compared with normal group. Interestingly, treatment of the CCl4-intoxicated rats with Psyllium extract restored the serum level of urea and creatinine to the normal level with no significant difference the healthy control group, as an evidence for a considerable upgrading of their kidney functions.
Liver homogenates of CCl4 intoxicated group showed a significantly decreased GSH level and catalase activity (p<0.0001), whereas a significant increase in lipid peroxidation measured as MDA was observed. Interestingly, CCl4- induced GSH and catalase depletion and increased lipid peroxidation were significantly alleviated upon treatment with plant extract or silymarin.
The study also indicated a significant TNF- α protein expression level. Healthy control group; Carbon tetrachloride intoxicated group with PHM; carbon tetrachloride intoxicated group with silymarin, carbon tetrachloride intoxicated group. The histopathological features recognized in the hepatic tissue of various groups this was evidenced by the reduction of tissue damage and necrosis, minimal tissue degeneration at the periphery of the central vein and absence of lymphocyte invasion as well as the disturbance at hepatocyte strings.