الفهرس 
Introduction and RationaleOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Approximately 15% of couples are unable to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse. A male factor is solely responsible in ∼20% of infertile couples and contributory in another 30%–40%. Although basic male infertility evaluation requires a comprehensive history along with semen analysis, that alone has failed to accurately distinguish men with unexplained infertility, so a molecular noninvasive test can provide valuable information to the physician by further sorting males with unexplained infertility for purposes of assessment and diagnosis.
A significant proportion of idiopathic male infertility is accompanied by severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia. Spermatogenic cells are characterized with stringently regulated spatiotemporal gene expression and strongly repressed translation in meiotic and haploid male germ cells.