الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Real-time 3D TEE has expanded the role of imaging during percutaneous therapy.[2] 3D echocardiography demonstrates the living anatomy with moving images from different projections not seen with standard 2D imaging. [3] 2D TEE needs multiple planes and adjustments to track catheters moving in a 3D environment during various interventions. [4] 3D TEE allowed direct visualization of fossa ovalis and surrounding structures for accurate diagnosis of PFO with the bubbles crossing it using agitated saline. [5,6] 3DTEE can be used to obtain an enface view of the ASD type, size, shape, orientation, number and position of orifices, ASD rims and surrounding structures in a single live 3D echo view. [2] 3D TEE is useful to observe the position of guide wire, sheath, and device in real time and the spatial relation between any interatrial communication and the occluder device. [8] 3D imaging includes real time (RT) (Live 3D), RT-focused field of view (3D Zoom), complete volume-gated data set (Full volume 3D). The Full volume 3D mode includes a larger cardiac volume. This wide angle mode needs ECG gating and breath-holding, and data set is formed by merging narrower RT 3D pyramidal scans. Cropping can be used to cut into the 3D full volume to visualize cardiac structures within the pyramidal data set. [2] Optimization of gain settings before the acquisition of dataset is crucial to avoid echo dropouts in case of low gain and blurring of fine details if it is high. [11] The aim of our study was to evaluate the benefit of using 3D TEE over conventional 2D TEE in evaluation of various morphological features of ASD/ PFO during Transcatheter Closure. We conducted our study on 115 patients (45 PFO and 70 ASD patients) who underwent transcatheter PFO/ASD secundum closure guided by 2D/3D TEE between April 2019 to April 2021, in Tanta University Hospital, Cardiology Department.