الفهرس 
1-INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 118 |  |  |
| | | from | 118 | | |
Abstract
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic bonds (α or β) . Polysaccharides can use a wide range of healthly effects, including lipid profile lowering. Inulin is a polyfructans which is widely used as flour replacer in bakery products and a functional foods to improve health due to its beneficial role in potential lipid modulating effects as decreased serum lipid , hepatic triglyceride (TG), hepatic total cholesterol (TC) concentrations , atherogenic index (AI ) and fecal lipid. The inulin improved increased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and (CAT) activity and decreased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration.
Chitosan is the most abundant natural amino polysaccharide and is being used as a functional foods in diets are a part of the management of dyslipidemia . Chitosan decreased levels of total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in total triglyceride (TG) in serum and liver , and increase fecal bile acids excretion .
Inulin and chitosan may be useful in promoting hyperlipidemia.
A total of fourty female albino rats were randomly divided into two main group, the first group negative control group (5 rats) fed on basal diet for all experimental period as control negative group. And second group (hypercholestrolemic rats, which the period of 8-weeks was considered as lead-in period to introduce hyperlipidemia in rats) . Were divided into 7 subgroups (5 per
each): subgroup 1 served as positive control group, subgroup 2, 3 and 4 were fed basal diet and given orally one receives a daily gavage 0.25, 0.5 and 1g of inulin and subgroup 5, 6 and 7 were fed basal diet and given orally one receives a daily gavage 0.25, 0.5 and 1g of chitosan respectively for 30 days. At the end of experimental period, blood samples were collected after 12 hour fasting at the end of the experiment. Using the retro – orbital method, by means of a microcapillary glass, blood was collected into a dry clean centrifuge tube, and left to clot at room temperature for half an hour. The blood was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 r.p.m. to separate the serum. Serum was carefully aspirated and transferred into clean quit fit plastic tubes and kept frozen at (-20 C0) until the time of analysis. The organ (Aorta ) was removed and washed in saline solution, weighted and stored in (10%) formalin solution . Blood samples were collected for serum separation to determine the following parameters: Serum lipid profile total cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipid ,lipoprotein fractions (HDLc, LDLc, and VLDLc), atherogenic index (AI). CRR, CRI AF, HTR, AIP and AC.liver lipid (TC , TG and TL).Enzymatic antioxidant(CAT ,SOD and MDA).
Results of the present study revealed the following: Body weight gain There were significant (P≤0.05) decrease in body weight gain in all groups which treated with 0.25g , 0.5g and 1g inulin compared with untreated 0g inulin at the end of the experiment . All hypercholesterlemic rats fed on different levels of chitosan , revealed that significant decrease in body weights gain as compared to control (0 g ) chitosan . The effect of lipid profile
The levels of TL, TG and TC in serum significantly (P≤0.05) decreased in hypercholesterolemic rats treated with different concentrations of inulin compared with untreated rats (0g inulin group), while no significant (P>0.05) differences were observed in TL and TC between hypercholesterolemic rats treated with .25g and 5g of inulin. Also, the treatment of 1g inulin was more effective (p≤0.05) in reducing the levels of TL, TG and TC compared to other concentrations. The treatment of 1g chitosan, revealed was more effective (p≤0.05) in reducing the levels of TL, TG and TC compared to other concentrations (.25 and .5 ) g chitosan . The effect of lipoprotein cholesterol profide The treatment of (1 g) inulin was more effective (P≤0.05) in the raising the levels of HDL and reducing the levels of LDL and VLDL compared to other concentrations . There are a significant (P≤0.05) differences were observed in LDL and VLDL between hypercholesterlemic rats fed on( .25g and .5g ) of chitosan and then LDL between hypercholesterlemic rats fed on( .5g and 1g ) of chitosan . Also, the treatment of 1g was more effective (P≤0.05) in the raising the levels of HDL and reducing the levels of LDL and VLDL compared to other concentrations. The effect atherogenic Index The results of effect of inulin on AI ,HTR ,CRR ¸ CRI , AF , AIP and AC in normal and hypercholesterlemic rats which that atherogenic index (AI) and (AIP) were significantly reduced (P≤0.05) in hypercholesterolemic rats fed on 0.25 g , 0.5 g and 1g compared with hypercholesterolemia rats untreated (0g inulin ) while HTR had an opposite trend. However, treatments with 0.25g
of inulin had no significantly decreased (P≤0.05) in CRR , CRI, AF,AI and AC in hypercholesterolemic rats and between( HTR and AIP )when comparison them .Treatment with 0.5g and 1g of inulin had no significanty decreased (P≤0.05) in between (AI, CRR,HTR,AIP and AC) and (CRI and AF) in hypercholesterolemic rats in comparison them except AC from group 1g inulin recorded significant differencement. The highest reduction (P≤0.05) in AI, CRR , CRI, AF ,AIP and AC and the highest elevation (P≤0.05) in HTR were recorded in hypercholesterolemic rats treated with 1g of chitosan compared to other concentrations.
The effect of liver lipid profile: It was obvious that there were a significant decrease (P ≤0.05) in hepatic T.L and T.G in hypercholesterolemic rats treated with 0.25g ,0.5g and 1g of inulin as compared to untreated rats (0g inulin ), however hepatic T.C was significantly (p≤0.05) decreased in hypercholesterolemic rats treated with0.5g and 1g of inulin compared with untreated group but there were nosignificant between them (0.5 g and 1g of inulin ) . There were significant differance between them ( 0.25 g , 0.5 g and 1g of chitosan except liver TC with 1g chitosan ) .The highest significant reduction in hepatic T.L, T.G and T.C levels was recorded in hypercholesterolemic rats treated with 1g of chitosan. The effect of antioxidant status The level of CAT and SOD significantly increased (p≤0.05) in hypercholesterolemic groups fed on inulin while, malondialdehyde (MDA) had an opposite trend . No significant (P>0.05) differences in CAT between negative control rats and rats fed 1g inulin ,but there are significantly (P>0.05) differences between normal group
and other hypercholesterolemic groups fed on .25g and .5g . While, there are significantly (P>0.05) differences in SOD between normal group and other hypercholesterolemic groups fed on .25g , .5g and 1g .The antioxidant enzyme activities in the serum including D OS , CAT and MDA . The results showed that a significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences in CAT between negative control rats and rats fed on 1g chitosan ,the other values(.5 and 25 ) g were followed it. There were no significant differance between them ( 0.25 g , 0.5 g and 1g ) of chitosan in levels in SOD and MDA. Stool lipid profile and bile acid
There are no significant difference between inulin .25g and positive control group in parameters TC , HDL and LDL . Another no significant difference results in values groups in inulin .5 g and inulin 1g in TC ,TG , VLDL, HDL and Fecal Bile acid . In LDL there are no significant difference in inulin 1g and normal group , and between ( inulin .5g ,inulin .25g and positive group). The most evident changes were in the relative value (1g) inulinin bile acide compared with positive control was no significantly lower in. The results showed that negative control and hypercholesterolemic rats which fed on 1g chitosan groups had higher significantly (P ≤0.05) in stool HDL than positive control , followed by .5g chitosan and .25g chitosan which were similar. There are no significant difference in hypercholesterlemic groups fed on .25 g .5g and 1g chitosan in stool (TC and LDL ) and (TG and VLDL). .The best result noted to supplemented diet with 1g chitosan