الفهرس 
PainOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the mainstay treatment of benign biliary disease. Pain continues to be an important issue after laparoscopic cholecystectomy resulting in prolonged admissions or readmissions. With significant variations in analgesic protocols a unified approach is necessary to provide standardized interventions to reduce pain. Sufficient postoperative medication is correlated with beneficial long-term outcomes for patients like decreased postoperative cognitive changes, enhanced way of life and decreased risk of chronic or persistent postoperative pain, but it is a double edged sword as abundance of analgesic use, carry the risk of more side effects particularly, emesis, respiratory distress and anaesthesia that may result in longer stay in the hospital and therapy that decreases the benefits of fast-track operation. There are various modalities available for postoperative pain relief ranging from parenteral analgesia (NSAIDS and opioids), epidural analgesia, peripheral nerve blocks, incisional infiltration and intraperitoneal instillation using local anaesthetics. Prevention of transmission of nerve signals from the trauma site to the spinal cord and reduction of neurogenic local inflammation at the trauma site has been reported with the use of local anaesthetics. Therapy for postoperative pain following abdominal surgery is focused on traditional medicines which consist of paracetamol, NSAID and oral or intravenous opioids. These drugs are correlated with negative outcomes such as hypotension sedation, nausea, and elevated heart load. All negative impacts delay the early discharge