الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried out in private apiary in El-Kady village, Minia Government during two seasons 2019 and 2020 from April to August. Thirty colonies of the hybrid of 1st Carniolan bees were randomly chosen, each honeybee colony contained 8 frames completely covered with bees and was condensed into 5 frames only and equalized in strength (three brood combs and two honey and pollen combs all were covered with bees) which headed by young queens. The experimental colonies were distributed to:
1. Brood pheromones: Six treatments and control with three replicates.
2. Vitamins: two treatments and control with three replicates.
V.1. Treatments were utilized in this study:
V.1.1. Brood pheromones:
• Ethyl Palmitate (EP)
• Methyl Linoleate (ML)
• Methyl Linolenate (MLN)
• Methyl Oleate (MO)
• Methyl Palmitate (MP)
• Methyl Stearate (MS)
These pheromones were added to melted wax at a concentration of 10-3 for each pheromone separately.
V.1.2. Vitamins:
• Vitamin A was dissolved at a concentration of 0.12 g to sugar syrup (1:1 W/V sugar to water).
• Vitamin C was added at a concentration 0.03 g to sugar syrup (1:1 W/V sugar to water).
Queen rearing was carried out by using grafting method.
The following measurements were recorded from the experimental colonies.
1. Biological characteristics measurements (percentage of accepted larvae– weight of royal jelly - weight of grafted larvae – weight of newly emerged queen).
2. Characteristics of reared queens:
• Morphological characteristic measurements (length and width) of head capsule - fore wing - hind wing - femur length -tibia length-.
• Anatomical characteristic measurements (number of ovarioles - volume of spermatheca)
3. Morphological characteristics of offspring workers of reared queens (proboscis length - length and width of mandible - length and width of fore wing - length and width hind wing - number of hooks on the hind wing - length and width of pollen basket).
4. Productive characteristics:
• Sealed brood area.
• Stored pollen area.
• Stored honey area.
Data were summarized as followed:
1. Effect of some brood pheromones on queen rearing:
1.1. Biological characteristics measurements:
• Accepted larvae percentage:
Results showed that the highest percentage of accepted larvae was for Methyl stearate treatment (87.77 %) followed by Methyl Linoleate (85.57%), Methyl Palmitate (83.33%), Ethyl Palmitate (70.00%) and Methyl Linolenate (70.00%) while the lowest treatments were control (62.23 %) and Methyl Oleate (60.00%).
• Weight of royal jelly:
Finding indicated that the significant highest weight of royal jelly was in Methyl Linoleate treatment (255.500 mg) followed by Methyl Palmitate (253.455mg), Methyl Stearate (250.095 mg), respectively, while the lowest treatments were control (191.840 mg) and Methyl Oleate (190.510 mg).
• Weight of grafted larvae:
The highest weight of grafted larvae was 70.350 mg for Methyl Linoleate followed by Methyl Palmitate, Methyl Stearate, Ethyl Palmitate and Methyl Linolenate which gave 70.260, 68.940, 66.855, and 66.315 mg, respectively. The lowest treatments were control 62.925 mg and Methyl Oleate 62.365 mg.
• Body weight of newly emerged queen:
The results showed that Methyl Palmitate revealed significant increasing (164.450) mg in mean body weight of virgin queen followed by Methyl Linoleate, Methyl Stearate, Ethyl Palmitate, Methyl Linolenate and Methyl Oleate which gave 164.235, 163.940, 161.260, 160.855 and 158.160 mg, respectively while the lowest one was 157.300 mg for the control.
1.2. Characteristics of reared queens:
1.2.1. Morphological characteristics measurements:
• Length and width of head capsule:
The findings revealed that length and width of head capsule were significantly higher in Methyl Linoleate (3.990 mm and 3.780 mm) followed by Methyl Palmitate which gave 3.960 and 3.765 mm, Methyl Stearate (3.950 and 3.760 mm), Methyl Linolenate (3.775 and 3.685 mm), Ethyl Palmitate (3.765 and 3.675 mm) and the lowest was 3.670 and 3.605 mm for control and was 3.625 and 3.695 mm for Methyl Oleate, respectively for length and width.
• Length and width of fore wing:
According to the findings, the fore wing with the greatest length and width was 9.565 mm and 3.370 mm for Methyl Linoleate followed by Methyl Palmitate 9.545 and 3.345 mm, Methyl Stearate 9.535 and 3.320 mm, Ethyl Palmitate 9.425 and 3.235 mm, Methyl Linolenate 9.420 and 3.220 mm and the lowest value was 9.295 and 3.115 mm for control and was 9.290 and 3.105 mm for Methyl Oleate, respectively for length and width.
• Length and width of hind wing:
The findings of the study showed the highest length and width of hind wing was 6.965 and 2.040 mm for Methyl Linoleate followed by Methyl Palmitate 6.955 and 2.025 mm, Methyl Stearate 6.940 and 2.010 mm, Ethyl Palmitate 6.895 and 1.955 mm, Methyl Linolenate 6.870 and 1.945 mm and the lowest value was 6.820 and 1.890 mm for control and was 6.815 and 1.885 mm for Methyl Oleate, respectively for length and width.
• Femur and tibia length:
The obtained results showed that the highest length of femur and tibia was 2.735mm and 3.345mm for Methyl Palmitate followed by Methyl Linoleate (2.725 and 3.335mm), Methyl Stearate (2.715 and 3.330 mm), Ethyl Palmitate (2.690 and 3.300 mm) and Methyl Linolenate (2.695 and 3.295 mm) and the lowest value was (2.665 and 3.250 mm) for control and was (2.655 and 3.235 mm) for Methyl Oleate, respectively for femur and tibia length.
1.2.2. Anatomical characteristics measurements:
• Number of ovarioles:
The highest number of ovarioles was 140.915 for Methyl Linoleate followed by Methyl Palmitate, Methyl Stearate, Ethyl Palmitate and Methyl Linolenate which gave 136.725, 135.670, 128.325 and 127.9655 respectively. The lowest number was 120.51 and 119.46 for Control and Methyl Oleate, respectively.
• spermatheca volume:
The data showed that the highest spermatheca volume was 1.425 mm3 for Methyl Linoleate followed by, Methyl Palmitate, Methyl Stearate, Ethyl Palmitate, Methyl Linolenate and Methyl Oleate which gave 1.415, 1.405, 1.345, 1.335 and 1.275mm3, respectively. The lowest spermatheca volume was 1.265 mm3 for control.
1.3. Morphological characteristics of offspring workers of reared queens:
• Proboscis length:
The findings revealed that the highest means of proboscis length of workers was for Methyl Linoleate (6.755mm) followed by Methyl Palmitate (6.750mm), Methyl Stearate (6.735mm), Ethyl Palmitate (6.660mm), Methyl Linolenate (6.630mm), Methyl Oleate (6.525mm) and control (6.510mm).
• Length and width of mandible:
It is possible to conclude from the results obtained that the highest value of Length and width of mandible was 1.280 and 0.535 mm for Methyl Linoleate, respectively followed by Methyl Palmitate, Methyl Stearate, Ethyl Palmitate, Methyl Linolenate, Methyl Oleate and control which gave 1.270, 1.260, 1.210, 1.195, 1.155 and 1.145 mm for Length of mandible, respectively and was 0.525, 0.515, 0.485, 0.470, 0.425 and 0.415 mm, respectively for width of mandible.
• Length and width of fore wing:
The obtained data revealed that the highest value of length and width of fore wing was 9.215 and 3.060 mm, respectively for Methyl Linoleate followed by Methyl Palmitate, Methyl Stearate, Methyl Linolenate, Ethyl Palmitate and control which was 9.205, 9.195, 8.935, 8.905 and 8.635 mm for Length of fore wing, respectively and was 3.045, 3.025, 2.960, 2.945 and 2.885 mm, respectively for width of fore wing while the lowest Length and width of fore wing was 8.625 and 2.870 mm, respectively for Methyl Oleate.
• Length and width hind wing:
The findings indicated that the highest length and width of hind wing was 5.965 and 1.850 mm, respectively for Methyl Linoleate followed by Methyl Palmitate, Methyl Stearate, Methyl Linolenate, Ethyl Palmitate and control which was 5.955, 5.945, 5.875, 5.855 and 5.790 mm for Length of hind wing, respectively and was 1.840, 1.830, 1.715, 1.690 and 1.605 mm, respectively for width of hind wing while the lowest Length and width of hind wing was 5.745 and 1.595 mm, respectively for Methyl Oleate.
• Number of hooks on the hind wing:
Methyl linoleate had the highest average number of hooks in the hind wing (22.935). Results showed that there was no significant increase in number of hooks on the hind wing compared with control treatment.
• length and width of pollen basket:
The findings revealed that the highest length and width of pollen basket was 2.805 and 1.075 mm for Methyl Linoleate followed by Methyl Palmitate (2.790 and 1.065 mm), Methyl Stearate (2.785 and 1.055 mm), Ethyl Palmitate (2.740 and 1.025 mm), Methyl Linolenate (2.725 and 1.005 mm) and the lowest value was (2.690 and 0.975 mm) for control and was (2.675 and 0.965 mm) for Methyl Oleate, respectively for length and width.
1.4. Productive characteristics:
• Sealed brood area:
The obtained data revealed that the highest means of sealed brood area were 540.931, 513.869 and 499.502 inch2/colony for Methyl Linoleate, Methyl Palmitate and Methyl Stearate, respectively while Methyl Oleate gave the lowest mean of (317.697 inch2/colony).
• Stored pollen area:
Findings indicated that the mean stored pollen area was significantly higher for Methyl Linoleate (102.468 inch2/colony) followed by Methyl Palmitate and Methyl Stearate which had overall averages of (99.499, 98.192 in2/ colony)，respectively.
• Stored honey area:
The data confirmed that Methyl Linoleate treatment recorded the highest stored honey area (299.608 inch2/ colony) followed by Methyl Palmitate (298.951 inch2/ colony) and Methyl Stearate treatments (292.929 inch2/ colony) while Methyl Oleate gave the lowest stored honey area (220.526 stored honey area), where the period of flowering clover, sesame, maize.
2. Effect of feeding vitamins on queen rearing:
2.1. Biological characteristics measurements:
• Accepted larvae percentage:
The data showed that the highest percentage of accepted larvae was 83.33% for vitamin C followed by vitamin A and control which gave 65.57% and 63.33%, respectively.
• Weight of royal jelly:
Feeding the colonies with vitamin C led to a significant increase in the weight of royal jelly provided to the larvae, which was 251.470 mg, followed by vitamin A (214.125 mg) and control (198.890 mg).
• Weight of grafted larvae:
The findings showed that the highest weight of grafted larvae was 68.840 mg for vitamin C followed by vitamin A and control which gave 66.265 mg and 66.005 mg, respectively.
• Body weight of newly emerged queen:
According to the findings, the highest body weight of newly emerged queen was 164.420 mg for vitamin C, followed by 161.585 mg for vitamin A and 160.495 mg for the control.
2.2. characteristics of reared queens:
2.2.1. Morphological characteristics measurements:
• Length and width of head capsule:
The findings of the study showed the highest length and width of head capsule was 3.845 mm and 3.750 mm for vitamin C followed by vitamin A (3.750 and 3.695 mm) and Control (3.690 and 3.665 mm), respectively for length and width.
• Length and width of fore wing:
Results showed that the highest length and width of fore wing was 9.540 mm and 3.320 mm for vitamin C followed by vitamin A (9.425 and 3.225 mm) and Control (9.350 and 3.165 mm), respectively for length and width.
• Length and width of hind wing:
The obtained data showed the highest length and width of hind wing was 6.945 mm and 2.020 mm for vitamin C followed by vitamin A (6.895 and 1.955 mm) and control (6.870 and 1.935 mm), respectively for length and width.
• Femur and tibia length:
The obtained results showed that the highest length of femur and tibia was 2.715 mm and 3.345 mm for vitamin C followed by vitamin A (2.965 and 3.300 mm) and control (2.685 and 3.280 mm), respectively for femur and tibia length.
2.2.2. Anatomical characteristics measurements
• Number of ovarioles:
The highest number of ovarioles was 137.610 for vitamin C followed by vitamin A (130.630) and control (124.635).
• Spermatheca volume:
The data showed that the highest spermatheca volume was 1.410 mm3 for vitamin C followed by vitamin A and control which gave 1.345 and 1.295 mm3, respectively.
2.3. Morphological characteristics of offspring workers of reared queens:
• Proboscis length:
The findings revealed that the highest mean of proboscis length of workers was for vitamin C (6.740 mm) followed by vitamin A (6.655 mm) and control (6.600 mm).
• Length and width of mandible:
The obtained results showed that the highest value of Length and width of mandible was 1.265 and 0.505 mm, respectively for vitamin C followed by vitamin A and control which gave 1.215 and 1.195 mm, respectively for Length of mandible and was 0.475 and 0.455 mm, respectively for width of mandible.
• Length and width of fore wing:
With regard to the effect of vitamins on the length and width of the fore wing, treatment with vitamin C led to a significant increase in the length and width of the fore wing (9.205 and 3.025 mm), respectively followed by vitamin A and control (8.945 and 8.720 mm) and (2.970 and 2.930 mm), respectively for the length and width of the front wing.
• Length and width hind wing:
The findings indicated that the highest length and width of hind wing was 5.955 and 1.825 mm, respectively for vitamin C followed by vitamin A and control which was 5.860 and 5.795 mm for length of hind wing, respectively and was 1.705 and 1.625 mm for width of hind wing, respectively.
• Number of hooks on the hind wing:
Results indicated that although vitamin C recorded the highest number of hind wing hooks (22.910), but there was no significant increase in number of hooks on the hind wing compared with control treatment.
• length and width of pollen basket:
The findings revealed that the highest length and width of pollen basket was 2.775 and 1.045 mm for vitamin C followed by vitamin A (2.725 and 1.005 mm) and control (2.705 and 0.995 mm), respectively for length and width.
2.4. Productive characteristics:
• Sealed brood area:
The results cleared that the highest sealed brood area was 505.683 inch2/colony for vitamin C followed by vitamin A and control which was 393.875 and 349.069 inch2/colony, respectively.
• Stored pollen area:
The highest stored pollen area was for vitamin C (99.075 inch2/colony) followed by vitamin A (87.285 inch2/colony) and control (79.180 in.2 /colony).
• Stored honey area:
The results showed that vitamin C resulted in a significant increase in stored honey area (296.631 inch2/colony) followed by vitamin A and control treatments (264.458 and 238.212 inch2/colony), respectively.