الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Bladder cancer ranks as one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, with a rising incidence and prevalence; also it is accompanied by a high morbidity and mortality. BC is a complex disease with several molecular and pathological pathways, thus reflecting different behaviors depending on the clinical staging of the tumor and molecular type. Cystoscopy and urine cytology are the traditional most used techniques for diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer. Urine cytology is specific for diagnosis of bladder cancer but sensitivity results not high, particularly in low-grade disease. Diagnosis and monitoring of BC is mainly performed by invasive periodic cystoscopies; this procedure, although a reliable method, is highly uncomfortable for the patient and it is not exempt of complications. Therefore, the search for cost-efficient, highly specific, and sensitive biomarkers for non-invasive BC diagnosis, screening, and follow-up, which eventually allow reducing the number of invasive, inconvenient, and expensive cystoscopies, is ongoing. Numerous studies have been aimed at the identification of mRNA expression signatures in tumor tissues and tumorderived urine specimens that reflect the presence and Summary and Conclusion 66 aggressiveness of BC and additionally characterize the most powerful predictive biomarker combinations. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) emerged as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers due to their tissue and tumor specific expression; also play an important role in different deregulated, pathological pathways such as tumor onset and progression, making them promising candidates as tumor markers. In recent years a number of non-invasive bio markers are available for the diagnosis and follow-up of BC; other potential biomarkers are emerging to be applied in the future, in the noninvasive detection of BC. This study has focused on the evaluation of Diagnostic potential of (miRNA-31) as a biomarker that holds promise as non-invasive adjuncts to conventional diagnostic or surveillance techniques. It is found that miRNA 31 is abnormally expressed in cancer cells and play an important role in cancer development. It functions as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor in different cancer types which made it a candidate for our study. The present study revealed a statistical significance of miRNA-31 upregulation in plasma of late BC patients in comparison with early BC patients and control group, but there was no significance between its upregulation in the plasma of Summary and Conclusion 67 early BC patients in comparison with the control group. This shows that circulating miRNA-31 in plasma can be used as a prognostic biomarker for BC. In conclusion, the present study revealed the potential of circulating miRNA-31 in plasma in being a prognostic biomarker for BC rather than being an early diagnostic biomarker for BC. The literature-based selection of promising miRNA 31 as potential marker for the non-invasive detection of BC in plasma as an alternative or adjunct marker for BC diagnosis, with its performance should be evaluated and confirmed with other previously reported BC associated biomarkers. Prospective studies are required in order to reveal the real value of miRNAs in serum -based BC diagnosis as a potential tool for the reduction of invasive and expensive diagnostic procedures like cystoscopies. |