الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Bladder cancer ranks as one of the most prevalent
cancers worldwide, with a rising incidence and prevalence; also
it is accompanied by a high morbidity and mortality. BC is a
complex disease with several molecular and pathological
pathways, thus reflecting different behaviors depending on the
clinical staging of the tumor and molecular type.
Cystoscopy and urine cytology are the traditional most
used techniques for diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer.
Urine cytology is specific for diagnosis of bladder cancer but
sensitivity results not high, particularly in low-grade disease.
Diagnosis and monitoring of BC is mainly performed by
invasive periodic cystoscopies; this procedure, although a
reliable method, is highly uncomfortable for the patient and it is
not exempt of complications.
Therefore, the search for cost-efficient, highly specific,
and sensitive biomarkers for non-invasive BC diagnosis,
screening, and follow-up, which eventually allow reducing the
number of invasive, inconvenient, and expensive cystoscopies,
is ongoing.
Numerous studies have been aimed at the identification
of mRNA expression signatures in tumor tissues and tumorderived urine specimens that reflect the presence and
Summary and Conclusion
66
aggressiveness of BC and additionally characterize the most
powerful predictive biomarker combinations.
In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) emerged as
potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers due to their
tissue and tumor specific expression; also play an important
role in different deregulated, pathological pathways such as
tumor onset and progression, making them promising
candidates as tumor markers.
In recent years a number of non-invasive bio markers are
available for the diagnosis and follow-up of BC; other potential
biomarkers are emerging to be applied in the future, in the noninvasive detection of BC.
This study has focused on the evaluation of Diagnostic
potential of (miRNA-31) as a biomarker that holds promise as
non-invasive adjuncts to conventional diagnostic or
surveillance techniques.
It is found that miRNA 31 is abnormally expressed in
cancer cells and play an important role in cancer development.
It functions as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor in different
cancer types which made it a candidate for our study.
The present study revealed a statistical significance of
miRNA-31 upregulation in plasma of late BC patients in
comparison with early BC patients and control group, but there
was no significance between its upregulation in the plasma of
Summary and Conclusion
67
early BC patients in comparison with the control group. This
shows that circulating miRNA-31 in plasma can be used as a
prognostic biomarker for BC.
In conclusion, the present study revealed the potential of
circulating miRNA-31 in plasma in being a prognostic
biomarker for BC rather than being an early diagnostic
biomarker for BC.
The literature-based selection of promising miRNA 31 as
potential marker for the non-invasive detection of BC in plasma
as an alternative or adjunct marker for BC diagnosis, with its
performance should be evaluated and confirmed with other
previously reported BC associated biomarkers. Prospective
studies are required in order to reveal the real value of miRNAs
in serum -based BC diagnosis as a potential tool for the
reduction of invasive and expensive diagnostic procedures like
cystoscopies.