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المستخلص
Language is an important basis for social life and one of its most important necessities. It is the basis of communication and interaction between individuals, and a means for a human being to express his needs, desires, feelings, and attitudes, and ways to manage his life affairs and satisfy his social instinct. If the language has many important functions in adult life, then acquiring language and the child’s ability to use it is a matter of great importance and danger for the child. Vocabulary helps the child to form his world in all its dimensions and aspects and enables him to identify the things around him (Al-dabae, 2001).
The child’s vocabulary means the number of words the child acquires and becomes part of her/his cognitive structure, and s/he can use them in the process of communicating with others by listening, speaking, and expressing her/his thoughts and feelings (Al-Rimawi, 2003). Vocabulary is closely related to the child’s thinking, her/his intelligence, and the development of her/his mental abilities in general. As a result, any delay or influence in the child’s language and its acquisition greatly affects her/his level of thinking and intelligence (Al-Maatouq, 1996).
Abdel Aziz Al-Shakhs (2007, p. 22) explained that language is of great importance because it is used for living purposes in various situations: talking with others, thinking, social communication, and expressing feelings and emotions. Accordingly, the researcher concludes that although the language is acquired randomly, there is an organized form of its acquisition considering the stages of the child’s linguistic development, and any defect in it leads to several disorders, including stuttering disorder. Stuttering is one of the common speech disorders, and therefore we must pay close attention to this matter.
This phenomenon is characterized by denying pronouncing a single letter or a word. In this way, there are some difficulties. Imagine a child who encounters this difficulty, s/he is considered to have language delay; some of them have a stuttering problem. Studies have shown that s/he has poor vocabulary; the word, two words, and sentences leading to stuttering and then the language delay, which in return leads to embarrassment. Stuttering is considered one of the most common language disorders, either in the experienced children or in the pre-experience stage, especially the three, four, or five years stage, which is considered a sensitive stage for the child related to his independence from his mother. It has been known since ancient times as a difficult language disorder because it impedes the process of language communication. The more the stutterer becomes older, the more it becomes complex.
Speech is a very appropriate means of expressing one’s personality, and one of the factors that contribute to the degree of social acceptance. There is a strong relationship between personality power and the ability to express, and this highlights the problem of individuals who suffer from a disorder in verbal fluency and flow of speech because such a disorder will affect their ability to express their thoughts and themselves in a way that satisfies them.
Accordingly, the importance of language, which serves the child in achieving his goals and satisfying his requirements from childhood until the end of his life, is clear. By language, the child can understand others, learn what s/he wants to say, and express her/him. When a child acquires vocabulary, s/he is possessing a raw material with which s/he can begin to express her/his needs and desires.
The Study Problem
There is a group of children suffering from stuttering disorder, and by following them up, it was found that they had poor vocabulary, which affects their academic, social, and psychological performance, and when they grow up, it will undoubtedly affect their professional performance.
It was also noticed that their stuttering disorder was due to poor vocabulary resulting from the excessive family protection of mothers over these children. The child does not go out on the street. He does not know the names of things. This is a carton. This is a garage...... He doesn’t know this is a tennis ball...... He doesn’t know this is a sign .......He doesn’t know this is a board......He doesn’t know this is an electric pole.......etc.
They have no information due to poor vocabulary because of the family not due to a lack of mental abilities. Hence, the idea of research based on the development of the vocabulary of these children was formed, noting that not all children who are linguistically delayed have the stuttering disorder, and not every child has the stuttering disorder due to poor vocabulary. Therefore, I will apply the stuttering scale and the vocabulary scale, and the rest of the group will be my study group with language delay because of stuttering. This stuttering is due to poor vocabulary.
The phenomenon of stuttering in children is (the tendency to repetition), whereas the child repeats some syllables or words and sometimes some consonants, which is considered the most important characteristic of it.
Stuttering, in which the child seems unable to produce a sound, despite the great struggle to overcome it.
The study problem is summarized in the following main question: ”What is the effectiveness of a training program for the development of vocabulary in reducing the severity of stuttering disorder among a sample of primary school pupils?”
A number of the following sub-questions branch out from this question:
• What is the effect of a training program on reducing stuttering disorder among primary school pupils?
• What is the effect of a training program on reducing stuttering disorder among primary school pupils after a period of one month?
• What is the effect of a training program on developing the vocabulary of primary school pupils?
• What is the effect of a training program on developing the vocabulary of primary school pupils after a period of one month?
The Study Objectives
Basically, the study aims to develop vocabulary for reducing stuttering disorder among a sample of primary school pupils. Secondary objectives branch out from this objective as follows:
1. Identifying the effectiveness of the training program to develop vocabulary in reducing the severity of stuttering disorder among a sample of primary school pupils.
2. Identifying the extent of the continuity of the effectiveness of the program used after the application of the program at a later time.
The Study Significance
The study significance seems clear in shedding light on the increase of vocabulary to reduce the stuttering level as one of the types of speech disorders among some individuals who suffer from it. The study significance is divided into theoretical and practical significance as follows:
i. Theoretical Significance:
• The study significance stems from the increase in the percentage of children with stuttering disorder and the lack of vocabulary, as well as keeping pace with contemporary trends in paying attention to issues with special needs, and the limited number of studies (within the researcher’s knowledge) that dealt with the development of vocabulary to reduce stuttering disorder.
• The current study focused on the age group (6-8) who suffer from stuttering disorder, which is a sensitive stage in the lives of these children. Therefore, it is necessary to provide training programs at this stage and teach these children how to speak fluently.
• Coming up with a set of recommendations that have an effect in the field of special education.
ii. Practical Significance:
The study practical significance highlights:
• By providing the proposed training program using the enrichment of vocabulary in reducing stuttering disorder among primary school pupils from the age of (6-8) years, which provides workers in this field with a program that contributes to confronting and reducing this problem.
• Providing a procedural model for how to teach the language to children and train them on correct pronunciation, as well as help the child acquire the language and enrich her/his vocabulary attractively and interestingly that is effective and has a permanent learning effect because of the great importance of language in transferring experience between individuals, groups and societies and maintaining information development. It is the means of communication between the individual and others in society in different life situations and its transmission, influence on others, and the formation of values, attitudes, opinions, feelings, emotions, and social and emotional participation.
The Study Sample
The study sample consisted of (10) children with stuttering disorder of both genders in the age group (6-8) years, with a mean age of (7) years.
The Study Methodology
It is using a one-group experimental method because of its relevance to the nature of the current study to confirm the effectiveness of the training program using vocabulary development activities in reducing the severity of the stuttering disorder.
The Study Limitations
The study is determined by the following:
• Human Limitations: children with stuttering disorder for ages (6-8) years, (6) males, (4) females, who frequent the specialized Ahmed Bahaa El-Din Culture Palace for the child in Assiut.
• Spatial and Temporal Limitations: the specialized Ahmed Bahaa El-Din Culture Palace for the child, Assiut Governorate, for the academic year 2020/2021, and the training program lasted for three months.
• Methodological Limitations: the researcher used the experimental method and the one-group quasi-experimental design because of relevance to the nature of the current study (one experimental group and a pre-, post-, follow-up measurement. (
The Study Tools
A. Mark Onslow and his fellow’s scale for estimating the severity and type of stuttering.
B. Abu Hasiba’s vocabulary test.
C. A training program aims to develop vocabulary for reducing stuttering disorder among a sample of primary school pupils.
The Study Hypotheses
There is a statistically significant difference at the between the average ranks of the pre-and post-application results in the stuttering disorder test among a sample of primary school pupils in favor of the post-application.
There is no statistically significant difference between the average ranks of the post and follow-up application results (after a month) in the stuttering disorder test among a sample of primary school pupils.
There is a statistically significant difference at the between the average ranks of the pre and post-application results in Abu Hasiba’s vocabulary test among a sample of primary school pupils in favor of the post-application.
There is no statistically significant difference between the average ranks of the post- and follow-up application results (after a month) in Abu Hasiba’s vocabulary test among a sample of primary school pupils.
Statistical Methods
Using Pearson’s equation to find the correlation coefficient between the degree of each paragraph and the degree of each dimension, as well as the degree of each dimension and the total score for the test using SPSS V.16
Calculating the reliability of the stuttering test using Cronbach alpha equation by SPSS V.16.
Using nonparametric statistical equations by SPSS V.16.
The Study Results
The study reached the following results:
There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.01) between the average ranks of the pre-and post-application results in the stuttering disorder test among a sample of primary school pupils in favor of the post-application.
There is no statistically significant difference between the average ranks of the post and follow-up application results (after a month) in the stuttering disorder test among a sample of primary school pupils.
There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.01) between the average ranks of the pre and post-application results in Abu Hasiba’s vocabulary test among a sample of primary school pupils in favor of the post-application.
There is no statistically significant difference between the average ranks of the post- and follow-up application results (after a month) in Abu Hasiba’s vocabulary test among a sample of primary school pupils.