الفهرس 
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Abstract
Introduction Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used in a variety of applications such as biosensing methods and some medical fields, Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, but its increasing use may lead to increase toxicity in the organism. In addition to affecting the environment, as AgNPs particles can collect and deposit in different organs of the human body including liver, spleen, brain, heart, lungs, kidneys and testicles. Despite of the tremendous development in pharmacology and the emergence of huge numbers of medicines in various fields of treatment, the return to the use of medicinal herbs and plants in the treatment of diseases, since drugs have multiple side effects. Dates palm are considered one of the current plants that have important therapeutic effects, as studies have shown that dates seed contains an abundance of minerals, lipids, proteins and antioxidants that contribute to the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes and cancerous tumors, etc. The study aims to know the effects of Phoenix dactylifera L seed extract (PDSE) on vital organs such as liver, kidney and spleen of mice previously injected with (AgNPs). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) had been purchased from Nanotech Egypt for optoelectronics. The package was diluted with phosphate buffer saline to reach the final concentration 0.25 mg/kg in and 200 μl and other chemicals such as Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanin transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine, super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), Malondialdehyde (MDA), from Bio Diagnostic Egypt. Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) had been purchased from the local market in Tanta, Egypt. The used materials in the experiment were known by Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University. Forty male Swiss white rats weighing (20 ± 2 g) were purchased from Hlewan University and then transferred to the animal house at the Faculty of Science, Tanta University. Experiments were carried out and appropriate measures were taken under number (IACUC-SCI-TU- 0187). Experiment design The mice were weighed at the beginning of the experiment to find out initial body weight (IBW), and the mice were divided into 4 groups (10 mice per group) according to body weights to reduce standard errors between groups, the mice were weighed at the end of the experiment to find out final body weight (FBW), and the experiment was conducted as follows: First group: normal mice were injected intraperitoneal (i.p) with saline (200 μl) and its called control group. Second group mice were injected with PDSE at a dose (100 mg/kg) for one month. Third group mice were injected with AgNPs at a dose of (0.25 mg/ kg) for a month. Fourth group mice were injected with AgNPs as in the third group, and then with PDSE as in the second group. Measurements and Evidence At the end of the experiment, mice were dissected after 30 days, and samples of blood, liver and kidney tissues were drawn to make the necessary measurements: Hematological and biochemical markers • Blood samples were drawn from all groups to make a complete blood picture (CBC), measurement of the activity of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), kidney functions (Polena creatinine) in the blood and were made for cholesterol, triglycerides and protein. • Parts of each liver lobe were collected and kept at -80°C to measure some vital signs, some antioxidant enzymes like Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and oxidizing agents such as Malondialdehyde (MDA). Histological changes of the liver, kidneys and spleen • Tissue samples were taken from the liver, kidneys and spleen and fixed in 10% formalin immediately. Tissue was treated in different degrees of alcohol, xylene, placed in paraffin wax, using a microtome; the tissues were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin then microscopic examination to study histopathological changes. Results The results of the study showed the following: The effect of PDSE on mice pre-injected with AgNPs in: A- Body weights of mice The results showed that there was a decrease in the weight of mice that injected with AgNPs compared to the control group. The treatment with PDSE post AgNPs injection led to a significant increase in the weights of mice. B- Bloody indices • The results showed a decrease in the number of erythrocytes (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) level of the mice that injected with AgNPs when compared with the control group, while in the group that was injected with PDSE post AgNPs, the number of (Hct), (Hb), and (RBCs) increased and return back to normal range. • The results showed an increase in the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the group of mice that injected with AgNPs, while in the group that was injected with PDSE post AgNPs showed a decrease in (WBC) close to normal range. • The results showed that the percentages of monocytes showed an increase in the group of mice that injected with AgNPs and decrease in neutrophils and lymphocytes. • The group of mice that injected with AgNPs also showed an increase in the number of platelets. While in the group that was treated with PDSE post AgNPs returns back the values close to normal range. C- Liver and Kidneys function tests • The results showed a significant increase in ALT, AST and ALP levels in the group of mice that injected with AgNPs, and treatment with PDSE post AgNPs injection group showed a significant decrease in ALT, AST, and ALP levels near the normal range. • The results showed an increase in urea hormone and creatinine in the group of mice that injected with AgNPs, and treatment with PDSE post AgNPs injection led to a decrease in the levels of urea and creatinine in the blood. • The level of total protein and albumin decreased significantly in the group of mice that injected with AgNPs. Treatment with PDSE post AgNPs injection restored total protein and albumin levels near normal. D- Lipids levels • The results also revealed an increase in the level of (Chol), (Tri) and (LDL). However, the increase was associated with a decrease in (HDL) in the group of mice that injected with AgNPs compared to the control group, and treatment with PDSE post injection with AgNPs restored the ratios to their normal levels. E- Oxidative stress biomarkers • The levels of the antioxidant enzymes activities (GSH, SOD, CAT) in the liver tissues were significantly decreased in the group of mice that injected with Ag NPs, and treatment of mice with PDSE post AgNPs injection improved the levels of CAT, SOD and GSH near the normal range. • An increase in MDA level appeared in the group of mice that injected with Ag NPs and mice treated with PDSE post AgNPs injections re-treated the MDA level close to normal. F- Liver tissues • In the group of mice that injected with Ag NPs, the results showed that the changes in the liver tissue are irregular liver lobes, most of the hepatocytes contain a round nucleus with a dark-colored nucleolus, the central veins have lost their normal appearance, there are vacuoles, expansion and swelling in the central vein and there were congested blood vessels. • On the other hand, treatment with PDSE post AgNPs injection showed significant improvement in hepatocytes in liver cells. G- Kidney tissues • In the group of mice that injected with Ag NPs, the results showed that several histological changes in the kidney tissues that appeared through catabolism of renal corpuscles, irregular Bowman’s capsule. Moreover, many convoluted tubules disintegrate and dilate irregularly with congested blood vessels and cytoplasmic vacuoles. • On the other hand, treatment with PDSE post AgNPs injection showed an almost normal appearance and structure. H- Spleen tissues • In the group of mice that injected with Ag NPs, the results revealed many histological changes in the red and white pulp regions, as many spleen cells had erupted into the cytoplasm with clustered nuclei, amyloid deposition, and sinus congestion in the red and white pulp. • On the other hand, treatment with PDSE post AgNPs injection showed improvement in spleen tissue. Conclusion The current results concluded that treatment of mice with dates seeds extract PDSE following their injection with AgNPs led to improvement of physciological indices indicative for the vital organs functions and ameliorate their tissue lesions induced by AgNPs toxicity. This study recommends placing some restrictions on the uses of silver nanoparticles in products that directly or indirectly reach humans and animals. Further study should be done to separate the active compounds