الفهرس 
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Abstract
Earth dam safety is based on careful planning, installation, and control of actual actions during the structure’s construction and operation. The dams’ safety is crucial because of the massive building damage and the potential for fatalities if they collapse. Slope stability and seepage are also influenced by dam stability. Dam stability is influenced by steady-state seepage. Many methods have been developed to evaluate the safety factor (FOS) of dams, especially in seepage conditions. The numerical method is one of the most commonly used approaches in dam seepage and stability analysis. Two finite element softwares (PLAXIS 2D V8.6 and SLIDE V6 seepage model) were used to analyze the seepage effect on the dam body and the effects of using various softwares on the results. Additional four cases of stable existing dams are considered in the developed model, which has been verified with satisfactory accuracy, Mandali dam (Iraq), Dau Tieng reservoir (Southern Vietnam), summer storage tank (Nandyal, Kurnool (Dist) A.P), and Gambiri diversion dam (eastern Afghanistan).
The factor of safety of Esna dam was determined using the limit equilibrium method (SLIDE) and the numerical reduction method (PLAXIS). The results were compared to the theoretical case. The flow net contours pore pressure shading, deformations, total head distribution, and discharge values are shown in the results. The maximum pore pressure was 800 kPa, and the minimum value was 0 kPa, the maximum total head was 79 m, and the minimum value was 71 m, and 2.136 m3/day/m was the discharge value for the case study. The factor of safety was 2.14. The factor of safety decreased to 1.69 after starting the steady-state case. Furthermore, Finite Element Modeling is a very effective method for analyzing earth dams with complex geometry and properties.