الفهرس 
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Abstract
Smallholder dairy farm plays an important role in milk production, in parallel to increasing demand; domestic dairy production has also shown a phenomenal growth mainly due to positive government involvement which encouraged local milk production.
This study was carried out in a private buffalo dairy farm in 2ndAbees village containing 15 dairy animals to assess hygienic conditions through the following:
I- Detection of subclinical mastitis milk through:
• Modified California Mastitis test (white side test): that showed that 93.33 and 93.33% of individual and bulk milk samples were negative and 6.67 and 6.67% of individual and bulk milk samples were (+) weak positive.
• The mean of electrical conductivity of individual and bulk milk samples was 5.7 ± 0.228 and 5.0± 0.25, respectively.
• Chloride qualitative test revealed that 100 and 100% of individual and bulk milk samples were negative.
II-Keeping quality measuring tests including:
• The mean titratable acidity value of individual and bulk milk samples was 0.14 ± 0.007 and 0.15 ± 0.011, respectively.
• Methylene blue reduction test showed that 73.3, 26.7 and 0% of individual milk samples were of good, fair and bad quality, respectively while 80, 20 and 0% of bulk milk samples were of good, fair and bad quality, respectively. By comparing these results by the Egyptian Standards (2005) that stated that Methylene blue reduction time should be not more than 4.5 hours, it clarified that 73.3% of individual milk samples compatible and 80% of bulk milk samples compatible.
• Alcohol precipitation test illustrated that 13.37% and 6.67% of individual and bulk milk samples were positive.
• Clot on boiling test showed that 0% and 0% of individual and bulk milk samples were positive.
III- Bacteriological quality of raw milk:
• The mean value of Aerobic mesophilic count of individual milk samples, bulk milk samples and water samples was 2.70 ×103± 1.56 × 103, 3.02 × 103± 1.83 × 103 and 1.85 × 102± 0.22 × 102 cfu/ml, respectively while the mean value of Aerobic mesophilic count of teat end, milk pail, Worker’s hand and milk tank swab samples was2.70 × 103± 1.56 × 103, 3.02 × 103± 1.83 × 103, 5.9×103± 3.09×103 and 4.39×102± 5.97×10 cfu/ml , respectively.
• The mean value of Coliforms count of individual milk samples, bulk milk samples and water samples was1.2×102± 3.76×10, 3.77 × 102± 5.64×10 and 1.0 × 102± 0.0 cfu/ml, respectively while the mean value of Coliforms count of teat end, milk pail, Worker’s hand and milk tank swab samples was 3.49 × 102± 4.34 × 10, 2.99 × 102 ± 0.32 ×10, 1.0×102 ± 0.0 and 0 cfu/ml , respectively
• The mean value of Staphylococci count of individual milk samples, bulk milk samples and water samples was5.35 × 102± 1.72×102, 2.40 × 102± 1.65×10 and 5.90 × 102± 3.0×102 cfu/ml, respectively while the mean value of Staphylococci count of teat end, milk pail, Worker’s hand and milk tank swab samples was 6.17 × 102± 2.17 × 102, 3.03 × 102 ± 0.37 × 10, 1.86 ×102 ± 2.24 ×10 and 1.57×102 ± 3.47×10 cfu/ml , respectively.
• the mean value of Enterococci count of individual milk samples, bulk milk samples and water samples was 6.22 × 102± 1.46 × 102, 1.91 × 103± 5.25 × 102 and 1.95 × 102± 0.89×102 cfu/ml, respectively while the mean value of Enterococci count of teat end, milk pail, Worker’s hand and milk tank swab samples was 2.44 × 103± 4.89 × 102, 7.25 × 102± 3.27 × 10, 1.95×103± 8.95 ×102 and 5.82×102± 3.51×10 cfu/ml, respectively.
II- Trails to improve milk quality through application of different chemical sanitizers (Iodophore and Quaternary ammonium compounds QACs) as following:
• Iodophore-treated group:
1. Effect of pre-milking teat disinfection with Iodophore on mesophilic aerobic bacterial count:
• The reduction percent of mesophilic aerobic count of individual milk samples was 78.25% in the first week and 87.35% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of mesophilic aerobic count of bulk milk samples was -5.78% in the first week and 30.22% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of mesophilic aerobic count of teat end swab samples was 56.49% in the first week and 63.25% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of mesophilic aerobic count of milk pail swab samples was 26.49% in the first week and 39.25% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of mesophilic aerobic count of Milk tank swab samples was 23.35% in the first week and 62.04% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of mesophilic aerobic count of Worker’s hand swab samples was 66.15% in the first week and 53.52% in the second week.
2. Effect of pre-milking teat disinfection with Iodophore on Coliforms count:
• The reduction percent of Coliforms count of individual milk samples was 43.46% in the first week and 100% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Coliforms count of bulk milk samples was 24.63% in the first week and 36.90% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Coliforms count of teat end swab samples was 60.89% in the first week and 100% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Coliforms count of milk pail swab samples was 10.93% in the first week and 42.73% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Coliforms count of Milk tank swab samples was 100% in the first week and 100% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Coliforms count of Worker’s hand swab samples was 100% in the first week and 100% in the second week.
3. Effect of pre-milking teat disinfection with Iodophore on Staphylococcal count:
• The reduction percent of Staphylococci count of individual milk samples was 50.36% in the first week and 65.62% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Staphylococcus aureus count of bulk milk samples was 91.94% in the first week and 94.38% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Staphylococcus aureus count of teat end swab samples was 37.02% in the first week and 64.41% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Staphylococcus aureus count of milk pail swab samples was 40% in the first week and 68.61% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Staphylococci count of Milk tank swab samples was 33.55% in the first week and 75.82% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Staphylococci count of Worker’s hand swab samples was 66.31% in the first week and 93.64% in the second week.
4. Effect of pre-milking teat disinfection with Iodophore on Enterococci count:
• The reduction percent of Enterococci count of individual milk samples was 11.64% in the first week and 53.84% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Enterococci count of bulk milk samples was 22.44% in the first week and 53.71% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Enterococci count of teat end swab samples was 83.86% in the first week and 100% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Enterococci count of milk pail swab samples was 32.11% in the first week and 57.42% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Enterococci count of Milk tank swab samples was 51.68% in the first week and 72.41% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Enterococci count of Worker’s hand swab samples was 66.77% in the first week and 100% in the second week.
• Quaternary Ammonium Compounds -treated group:
1. Effect of pre-milking teat disinfection with Iodophore on mesophilic aerobic bacterial count:
• The reduction percent of mesophilic aerobic count of individual milk samples was 13.25% in the first week and 86.21% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of mesophilic aerobic count of bulk milk samples was -24.38% in the first week and 22.12% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of mesophilic aerobic count of teat end swab samples was 25.98% in the first week and 14.89% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of mesophilic aerobic count of milk pail swab samples was -0.63% in the first week and 9.16% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of mesophilic aerobic count of Milk tank swab samples was 3.57% in the first week and 13.23% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of mesophilic aerobic count of Worker’s hand swab samples was 61.34% in the first week and 37.05% in the second week.
2. Effect of pre-milking teat disinfection with Iodophore on Coliforms count:
• The reduction percent of Coliforms count of individual milk samples was 33.56% in the first week and 100% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Coliforms count of bulk milk samples was 24.08% in the first week and 10.70% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Coliforms count of teat end swab samples was 31.41% in the first week and 100% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Coliforms count of milk pail swab samples was 3.85% in the first week and 9.40% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Coliforms count of Milk tank swab samples was 100% in the first week and 100% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Coliforms count of Worker’s hand swab samples was 100% in the first week and 100% in the second week.
3. Effect of pre-milking teat disinfection with Iodophore on Staphylococcal count:
• The reduction percent of Staphylococci count of individual milk samples was 42.14% in the first week and 93.66% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Staphylococci count of bulk milk samples was 4.98% in the first week and 85.41% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Staphylococci count of teat end swab samples was 2.48% in the first week and 26.22% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Staphylococci count of milk pail swab samples was -5.23% in the first week and 18.29% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Staphylococci count of Milk tank swab samples was 21.05% in the first week and 72.51% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Staphylococci count of Worker’s hand swab samples was 32.85% in the first week and 83.71% in the second week.
4. Effect of pre-milking teat disinfection with Iodophore on Enterococci count:
• The reduction percent of Enterococci count of individual milk samples was 16.33% in the first week and 46.53% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Enterococci count of bulk milk samples was 1.32% in the first week and 17.71% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Enterococci count of teat end swab samples was 80.70% in the first week and 100% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Enterococci count of milk pail swab samples was 8.10% in the first week and 29.68% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Enterococci count of Milk tank swab samples was 6.29% in the first week and 52.63% in the second week.
• The reduction percent of Enterococci count of Worker’s hand swab samples was 49.06% in the first week and 100% in the second week.
This study stated the crucial importance of pre-milking hygienic preparations and teat dipping using Iodophore solution (2.5%) and QACs solution (0.25%) to improve milk quality in small dairy farms. This study stated also that Iodophore was better than QACs in reducing mesophilic aerobic count, Coliforms count, Staphylococci count and Enterococci count in tested samples.