الفهرس 
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Abstract
The unconscious use of bioinsecticides (Dipel 2x, Radiant) and conventional insecticides (Proclaim, Aphox and Coragen), commonly used in greenhouses and potato fields to manage a wide range of insect pests, may cause effects on the natural enemies that associated with Phthorimaea operculella Zeller, including Orius albidipennis and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora BA1, Steinernema carpocapsae BA2 and Steinernema feltiae SF). P. operculella and their natural enemies may be adversely affected by tested insecticides when they feed on pollen, nectar or parts of plant tissues contaminated with the active ingredient; consumption the active ingredient of insecticides through the infected host insects; and contact with insecticide. On the other hand, host insect quality may be unacceptable for O. albidipennis or EPNs to laying eggs. Further, the accumulative impact of insecticides could be extending to the next generations by the female which exposed to a lethal or a sublethal concentration of the insecticides active ingredient. The obtained data indicated that Proclaim and Coragen were the most insecticides negatively affected on O. albidipennis and EPNs at all tested concentrations. However, present study served out some issues that require further consideration, such as; the influence of tested insecticides at different concentrations on studied natural enemies survival, studied different biological properties (developmental period, longevity and reproductive capacity) of the O. albidipennis which exposed before to insecticides inform of nymphal (1st, 3rd,and 5th instars) and adult stages. Besides, the data clarified the relationship of the insecticide- treated EPNs virulence and the mortality percentage of Galleria mellonella (full grown larvae) and also on the several stages of P. operculella (full grown larvae, pre-pupal and pupal stage). Thus, determined which insecticides accumulate its impact on the reproductive capacity of the first and second generations of insecticide- treated EPNs. Moreover, conducted the same trials with the first generation of insecticide- treated EPNs under laboratory conditions. As such, there is a dire need to assess the virulence ability of EPNs when expose to the tested insecticides out door, therefore, this study interested to test the virulence of insecticide- treated EPNs at field rates against the pupal stage of P. operculella under semi-field conditions. Data indicated that untreated (control) S. carpocapsae BA2 recorded the greatest percentages of mortality (100%). At all, EPNs were more compatible with the tested insecticides than O. albidipennis at all tested concentrations