الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out at Rabbit Research Station belonging to Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City. All experimental procedures were carried out according to the Local Experimental Animal Care Committee and approved by the ethics of the institutional committee of Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City during the period from September to November, 2017. Chemical analysis and measurements were carried out at the laboratories of Environmental Studies and Research Institute (ESRI); laboratories of faculty of veterinary medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt and laboratories of animal health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza.
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of nanoparticles and Cotula cineria extract on New Zealand White rabbits (NZW) during the growing period on performance, digestibility coefficient of nutrients, carcass traits, immune response, blood parameters and economic efficiency.
Two experiments were carried out by using five treatments of feed additives which added daily to the rabbit’s diets plus control group through two feeding trials as following:
The 1st Feeding Trial:
Twenty-four growing (NZW) rabbits of both sexes at 5 weeks of age (with average weight 654 ± 7.67g) were at random assigned to four equal groups, each group consists of 6 rabbits, in three replicates. Rabbits were housed individually in double flat galvanized wire batteries (40x30x25 cm) with fedder and automatic nipple drinkers. Growing rabbits groups received as control(commercial) diet (17%CP without any feed additives), the second treatment basal diet (250 mg/rabbit/day from CCE), the third treatment (10 mg / kg/day from Nano silver) the forth treatment(10mg/kg/day from Nano silver + 125 mg /rabbit /day from CCE mixed them).
2nd Feeding Trial:
Twenty-four growing (NZW) rabbits of both sexes at 5 weeks of age (with average weight 654 ± 7.67g) were at random assigned to four equal groups, each group consists of 6 rabbits, in three replicates. Rabbits were housed individually in double flat galvanized wire batteries (40x30x25 cm) with feeders and automatic nipple drinkers. Growing rabbits groups received as control(commercial) diet (17%CP without any feed additives from day 1 to 60), the second treatment basal diet (250 mg/rabbit/day from CCE), the third treatment (5 mg / kg/day from Zno NPs) the forth treatment(5mg/kg/day from Zno NPs + 125 mg /rabbit /day from CCE mixed them).
Preparation of feed additives
1. Cotula cineria extract and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for CCE
2. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and XRD spectra of Silver Nanoparticles
3. Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and XRD spectra of synthesized ZnO
Data Collection Procedure.
1- Performance Measurements 2- Digestibility Trail
3- Carcass traits 4- Immune Response.
5.Organoleptic evaluation (Sensory evaluation) of the tested groups:
6. Lipid oxidation study (TBARS) 7. Biochemical traits of serum
8. Hematological parameters 9. Economic efficiency (EEf).
10. Mortality rate.
12.statistical analysis 11. Chemical analysis
The Results obtained were:
HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds in methanol extract of Cotula cineria.
Total flavonoids; Phenols and antioxidant activity (%) of Cotula cineria extract.
1. The first experiment:
1.1. LBW (g) at week3 (wk.3), LBW (g) at wk.5 had significantly (p<0.05), the highest value 1605.0, 2013.7 respectively in group CCE but the lowest value 1250.7, 1683.7 respectively in group Ag NPs.
1.2. Rabbit group supplemented dietary Ag NPs recorded the best GR% (85.79%) compared with control and other two experimental groups (80.62; 82.53 and 82.01%, respectively).
1.3. Feed intake weekly of experimental rabbits as affected by Ag NPs with CCE indicated that FI1 (g), FI3, FI5, FI7, TFI had significant differences (p<0.05).
1.4. After Wk5, Ag. Nano+ CCE group significantly (p<0.05) achieved the highest PI% (67.84%) compared with control and other experimental diet groups (Control, 27.18; CCE, 51.33 and Ag NPs, 35.72, respectively.
1.5. Results of TDN showed that a significant improvements among CCE group (91.87%) followed by control and other experimental groups being (62.14; 68.64 and 63.98%).
1.6. Values of DCP where the highest DCP value significantly (p<0.05) detected with CCE group (17.90 g) followed by (Ag NPs + CCE) group (16.69).While control group significantly (p<0.05) recorded the lowest value (12.64 g).
1.7. The highest values of nitrogen balance significantly (P<0.05) recorded by CCE group (5.41 g) followed by Ag NPs + CCE (4.09g) (contained Antioxidant substances) compared with control and Ag NPs groups being (3.07 and 3.09 g.).
1.8. Results indicated that the highest cecum length (cm) value was significantly (p<0.05) detected by groups fed CCE; Ag Nanoparticles (SNPs) with CCE and control groups being 11.7cm.
1.9. Rabbits group supplemented dietary CCE significantly (P>0.05) recorded the lowest TBA number (0.44 g kg-1 malonaldehyde) followed by Ag Nano group (0.47 g kg-1 malonaldehyde).
1.10. group fed Ag. Nano+ CCE significantly (P<0.05) recorded the best odder, and over all acceptability compared with control and other experimental diets.
1.11. Results indicated that Ag Nanoparticles (SNPs) with CCE group significantly (p<0.05) recorded the highest values of Urea (40.60) Also, group SNPs with CCE while group SNPs recorded the lowest value 30.84.
1.12. SNPs with CCE (p<0.05) has significant effect on cholesterol (Chol.), Triglycerides (Tri), high density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL).
1.13. Groups fed dietary CCE and Ag NPs significantly (p<0.05) achieved the best values (2.12 ng/ml) of T4 (Thyroxine), while, control group was the worst one (2.1 ng/ml) before experimental rabbits.
1.14. Results indicated that there are significant effect of (SNPs) group which significantly (p<0.05) achieved the best value (1.87ng/ml) of T3, while, control group was the worst one (2.1ng/ml)
1.15. Groups fed CCE and SNPs with CCE appeared a normal T3 (Tri-iodothyronine) values being 0.96 and 0.99 ng/ml, respectively.
1.16. group fed CCE significantly (p<0.05) achieved the highest values of PCV (48.21);Total Leucocytic Count (7.70); Platelet Count highest (957.00); MPV highest values(9.40); PCT (0.90) and Lymphocytes (96.66) while, group fed SNPs with CCE detected the highest values of MCV (77.70) ; MCH (23.90) ; MCHC( 30.80) and Monocytes (4.00).
1.17. Data showed that blood total protein (TP) (g/dl); blood Albumin (Alb)(g/dl); blood globulin (Glob)(mg/dl) and Albumin: globulin ratio (A/G) significantly (p<0.05) affected by CCE ;Ag nanoparticles and Ag nanoparticles with CCE compared to control diet.
1.18. Rabbits group supplemented dietary CCE recorded the highest value of economic efficiency (0.59 and 105.36%), followed by rabbits groups supplemented dietary Ag NPs which recorded (0.58; 103.57% and. While, the lowest value of economic efficiency was obtained by growing rabbits supplemented dietary Ag NPs with CCE being 0.55; 98.21%) compared with control group (0.56 and 100%)