الفهرس 
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Abstract
C
eramic dust generated by hot process in the ceramic factories, almost invisible to the naked eye and easily inhaled. Many of ceramic products contain a small percentage of amorphous silica. chronic exposure may produce radiopaque deposits in the pulmonary system with little or no parenchymal reactions. Some individuals may exhibit allergenic reactions ranging from asthmatic symptoms to benign pneumoconiosis. Ceramic raw materials contain crystalline silica, which has been classified as carcinogenic to humans. After crystalline silica is exposed to temperature above 1600 F (870 C) cristobalite and tridymite are formed (Hnizdo & Sluis, 2014).
Aim of the Study
The aim of this study is to assess the workers awareness related to occupational hazards of ceramic industry through:
1- Assessing workers’ knowledge about occupational hazards of ceramic industry.
2- Assessing workers’ perception toward occupational hazards
3- Assessing workers’ practices toward protection from occupational hazards
Research Questions:
- What’s the workers’ knowledge about occupational hazards?
- Is there a relation between workers’ knowledge and exposure to occupational hazards?
- Is there a relation between workers’ practice and exposure to occupational hazards.
Research design:
A descriptive analytical design was used.
Study Setting:
This study was conducted at one ceramic industry in Suez governorate Egypt, because they include three industry and theis industry containing a large number of workers .The total numbers of the workers are 280 working at least 8 hours daily. The industry divided into 10 sections (production, sorting, pistons, electricity, maintenance, mechanics, cleaning, eagles, oven, mills). The industery work 7 days in week, 24 hours per day 3 shifts . (morning,after non and night).
Sampling
Sampling technique:
The study was including a purposive sample.in Suez governorate, there were three large factories and was chosen one of them as it is the nearest factory the researcher this sample contained 142 workers, they are chosen by using simple random sample.
Sample type:
A purposive sample technique used to conduct this study.
Criteria:
• Adult male (above18) years old
• Working in direct contact with occupational hazard e.g (sortin, mechanical, glaze line technician)
• Working at least 8 hours daily for not less than one year in this industry
Sample size:
Sample size is estimated to be 142 workers in ceramic industry; sample size was calculated using Open Epi, Version 3, open source calculator and based on a study carried out by Ibrahim & Qalawa, 2015; we hypothesized that only 10.0% of the workers had good awareness toward occupational hazards in ceramic industry, taking into consideration that the sample size was calculated with confidence level of 95%.
Sample Size for Frequency in a Population
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Population size(for finite population correction factor or fpc)(N): 1000000
Hypothesized % frequency of outcome factor in the population (p): 10%+/-5
Confidence limits as % of 100(absolute +/- %)(d): 5%
Design effect (for cluster surveys-DEFF): 1
Sample Size(n) for Various Confidence Levels
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Confidence Level (%) Sample Size
95% 142
80% 60
90% 98
97% 170
99% 239
99.9% 390
99.99% 545
• Tools of data collection:
The following different tools were used for data collection of study and it was written in simple Arabic language to suit the understanding level of the workers. It is developed by researcher after reviewing arelated litratures, expert’s opinion and researcher experience to assess the effect of multiparity on the children health condition.
First tool: Self administered questionnaire
This tool divided into the following parts:
-Part one: Demographic characteristic of the workers as age, educational level, occupation, marital status and monthly income (questions number 1 to 7).
- Part two: workers’ knowledge about occupational hazards of ceramic industry including (meaning, causes, types…etc) (question number 8to 18)
- Part three: workers reported practices toward protection from occupational hazards including (mandatory use of personal protective equipment PPE, & respect rules...etc) (question number 19 to24).
- Part four: workers exposure to occupational hazards. Including (Types of risks workers exposed to - time of exposure). (question number25 to33)
Second tool:
Perception scale was used to assess workers perception related to occupational hazards adopted from Clark, 2013. such as(best wear protective device,consider simple accidants apart of daily work). (question number 1 to 21).
The study results can be summarized as followers:
• The mean age of ceramic industry workers was 29.76+ 6.99 years and 81.7% had Intermediate education, regarding marital status 60.6% were married, 54.9% urban residence. As regard Years of experience means 9.54 with + SD 3.22 and 36.6% had 5-10 years of experience, the daily work hours mean 6.24 with + SD 2.94; regarding 81.0% had work 6 to 8 hours a day.
• This study showed 96.5% of ceramic industry workers answer correct about Importance of protective tools, 90.1% of ceramic industry workers answer correct about type of Protective devices.
• This study shows that 83.8% of the ceramic industry workers have satisfactory knowledge level about occupational hazards.
• This study reflected 73.9% of the ceramic industry workers have unhealthy Practice level toward protection from occupational hazard.
• This study showed 23.2% of the ceramic industry workers have a positive perception toward occupational hazards.
• There was highly statistically significant relation between workers educational level and’ Practice toward protection from occupational hazards of ceramic industry while there was highly statistically significant relation between marital status, daily work hours especially more than 8 hours per day and workers’ Practice toward protection from occupational hazards.
• This study reflected there was no statistically significant relation between workers’ perception level about occupational hazards of ceramic industry & their demographic characteristics.
• The study illustrated that there was highly statistically significant relation between workers reported Practice level and reported exposure to daily occupational hazards
The finding of the present study, suggested the following recommendation:
1- Conducting health educational programs for improving their practice and positive perception regarding occupational work safety.
2- Continuous health assessment and health examination for workers for early diagnosis, prompt treatment and decrease disability.
3- Distributions simple booklet involved basic information and guide about safe work practice for each worker.
4-Further studies ,assessing health needs and proplems of ceramic industry workers.